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BIOLOGY

QuestionAnswer
Summarize how energy changes during a chemical reaction as bonds are broken and formed. Energy is absorbed to break bonds and released when new bonds form.
Explain the overall function of enzymes in biochemical reactions like photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Enzymes speed up reactions by lowering activation energy.
Draw and label energy diagrams of biochemical reactions (endothermic AND exothermic). Include products, reactants, and activation energy. Endothermic absorbs energy (products > reactants); exothermic releases energy (products < reactants); both have activation energy peaks.
Describe five factors that affect the rate of chemical reactions. Temperature, pH, substrate concentration, enzyme concentration, and presence of inhibitors.
Be able to interpret a diagram of the enzyme-substrate complex. Identify the substrate, active site, enzyme, and products. Substrate binds to enzyme’s active site forming enzyme-substrate complex; products are released after reaction.
Summarize where all energy on Earth comes from and the overall process it goes through to be in a usable form of ATP for consumers. Energy comes from the Sun → captured by photosynthesis → stored in glucose → converted to ATP by cellular respiration.
Summarize the overall goal of cellular respiration and why the process is necessary for consumers. To convert glucose into usable energy (ATP) for cellular functions.
Write and interpret the chemical formula for cellular respiration. Label reactants and products. C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + ATP (reactants: glucose, oxygen; products: carbon dioxide, water, ATP).
Write and interpret the chemical formula for photosynthesis. Label reactants and products. 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ (reactants: carbon dioxide, water, light; products: glucose, oxygen).
Explain the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration, including ATP yield.
Explain why plants are green. Chlorophyll reflects green light and absorbs red and blue light.
Describe the significant events of the light-dependent reaction (ETC). Occurs in thylakoid membranes; light splits water (H₂O → O₂ + e⁻ + H⁺); ATP and NADPH produced for next stage.
Describe the significant events of the light-independent reaction (Calvin Cycle). Occurs in stroma; uses CO₂, ATP, and NADPH to make glucose; ADP and NADP⁺ recycled.
Describe three factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis. Light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration, and temperature.
Explain the alternate pathways some plants, like cacti and corn, use to access energy. CAM and C4 pathways conserve water while still performing photosynthesis.
Describe the two types of anaerobic respiration. Include what is used, made, and examples. Lactic acid fermentation (in animals) makes lactic acid; alcoholic fermentation (in yeast) makes alcohol and CO₂.
Explain the purpose of ATP. ATP provides usable energy for cellular processes.
Draw and label the parts of a molecule of ATP. Adenine base, ribose sugar, and three phosphate groups.
Describe the ATP-ADP cycle. Include what is and isn’t recycled, and ATP synthase’s role. ATP loses a phosphate → forms ADP + energy; ATP synthase reattaches phosphate using energy from food; only phosphate and energy change.
Explain what the energy is used for when a phosphate is removed, and where that energy comes from. Released energy powers cell work; it comes from the bonds in food molecules.
Summarize why breaking down ATP is exothermic and forming ATP is endothermic. Breaking bonds releases energy (exothermic); forming bonds requires energy (endothermic).
Photosynthesis Process converting light energy into chemical energy (glucose).
Grana Stacks of thylakoids inside chloroplasts.
Stroma Fluid surrounding grana where Calvin Cycle occurs.
Chlorophyll Green pigment that absorbs light for photosynthesis.
Photosystems Light-collecting protein complexes in thylakoids.
Electron carriers Molecules that transport high-energy electrons (e.g., NADPH, FADH₂).
Chemosynthesis Making food from chemical energy instead of light.
Stomata Openings on leaves for gas exchange.
Photorespiration Wasteful process where oxygen replaces CO₂ in Calvin Cycle.
Created by: user-1893198
 

 



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