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metabolism
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What term describes the sum of all energy-requiring and energy-consuming chemical processes in the body? | metabolism |
| The set of biochemical reactions that build large molecules from smaller ones is known as _____. | anabolism |
| What is the term for the set of biochemical reactions that break down complex molecules into simpler ones, releasing energy? | catabolism |
| Digesting food is an example of which type of metabolic process: anabolism or catabolism? | catabolism |
| Muscle growth is an example of which type of metabolic process: anabolism or catabolism? | anabolism |
| What are the six main classes of nutrients required by the body? | Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and water. |
| What is the primary function of carbohydrates in the body? | To supply quick energy for cellular processes. |
| The monosaccharide that serves as the be-all-end-all molecular fuel for cells to make ATP is _____. | glucose |
| Which two types of cells feed exclusively on glucose for energy? | neuron and red blood cells |
| What is the storage form of glucose in the liver and muscles? | glycogen |
| Which class of nutrients is used for long-term energy storage, hormone production, and cushioning organs? | lipids (fats) |
| What are the individual components, or monomers, of proteins? | amino acids |
| How many different amino acids are used to build all proteins in the body? | 20 |
| Amino acids that the body cannot synthesize and must be obtained through diet are called _____ amino acids. | essential |
| Vitamins are classified into which two major groups? | Fat-soluble and water-soluble. |
| Which vitamin is produced in the skin by UV light and is responsible for calcium absorption? | vitamin d |
| Which vitamin, synthesized by bacteria in the large intestine, is essential for the formation of blood clotting proteins? | vitamin k |
| What is the primary role of Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)? | It functions as an antioxidant and helps improve iron absorption. |
| Which B vitamin is essential for DNA synthesis in all cells? | vitamin b12 |
| What substance produced in the stomach is essential for the absorption of Vitamin B12? | intrinsic factor |
| The overall process that oxidizes glucose molecules to produce ATP is called _____. | cellular respiration |
| Which stage of cellular respiration occurs in the cytoplasm and does not require oxygen? | glycolysis |
| What are the main products of glycolysis from one molecule of glucose? | Two pyruvate molecules and two ATP molecules. |
| Where in the cell does the Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle) take place? | In the mitochondria. |
| Which stage of cellular respiration generates the largest amount of ATP? | The electron transport chain (oxidative phosphorylation). |
| In the electron transport chain, what molecule is the final electron acceptor? | oxygen |
| What is the process of synthesizing glycogen from glucose for storage called? | glycogenesis |
| Which hormone stimulates hepatocytes and skeletal muscle cells to synthesize glycogen? | insulin |
| The breakdown of stored glycogen into glucose is known as | glycogenolysis |
| What is the term for the formation of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources like amino acids and fats? | Gluconeogenesis. |
| Which two hormones stimulate glycogenolysis to release glucose into the blood? | Glucagon and epinephrine. |
| The process of removing an amino group from an amino acid, which occurs during protein catabolism, is called _____. | deamination |
| During protein catabolism, the liver converts toxic ammonia into a less harmful substance called | urea |
| The synthesis of lipids from glucose, which occurs when more calories are consumed than needed, is called | lipogenesis |
| The breakdown of triglycerides into glycerol and fatty acids for energy is known as _ | lipolysis |
| What is the term for the formation of ketone bodies, which occurs during starvation or due to insulin deficiency? | ketogenesis |
| A dangerous condition where high levels of ketones cause the blood pH to become acidic is called | ketoacidosis |
| What is the name for the specialized proteins that transport lipids in the bloodstream? | lipoproteins |
| Which type of lipoprotein transports dietary lipids from the GI tract to adipose tissue? | Chylomicrons. |
| Which type of lipoprotein is known as "bad" cholesterol because it can deposit cholesterol in fatty plaques in arteries? | Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs). |
| Which type of lipoprotein is known as "good" cholesterol because it removes excess cholesterol from arteries and takes it to the liver? | High-density lipoproteins (HDLs). |
| The metabolic state that occurs during and shortly after a meal, where nutrients enter the blood, is called the _____ state. | Absorptive state. |
| Which hormone, released by the pancreas, dominates the absorptive state by promoting the entry of glucose and amino acids into cells? | insulin |
| The metabolic state that occurs when the GI tract is empty and the body is running on stored supplies is called the _____ state. | Post-absorptive state. |
| Which hormone, released by the pancreas, dominates the post-absorptive state by stimulating glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis? | Glucagon. |
| What is the term for the amount of energy expended by the body at rest in a neutral temperature environment? | Basal metabolic rate (BMR). |
| What brain structure acts as the body's control center for thermoregulation? | The hypothalamus. |
| To conserve heat in a cold environment, the body undergoes _____ of cutaneous blood vessels. | Vasoconstriction. |
| To release heat in a warm environment, the body undergoes _____ of cutaneous blood vessels and sweating. | Vasodilation. |
| What condition occurs when the body's cells become less responsive to insulin, leading to elevated blood sugar? | Insulin resistance. |
| The compensatory production of more insulin by the pancreas in response to insulin resistance is known as _____. | Hyperinsulinemia. |
| According to Dr. Mark Hyman, what are the five key risk factors related to metabolic syndrome? | High blood sugar, hypertension, abdominal obesity, high triglycerides, and low HDL cholesterol. |
| Insulin resistance is considered a root cause for many chronic diseases, including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and _____. | Fatty liver disease (or PCOS, certain cancers, Alzheimer's). |
| The four main kinds of biological macromolecules found in food are lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, and _____. | Nucleic acids |
| A gram of fat contains about how many calories of energy? | 9 calories |
| A gram of carbohydrate or protein contains about how many calories of energy? | 4 calories |
| Term: Fuel partitioning | The process by which insulin helps the body decide where to send and store fuels like fats and amino acids. |
| What is the main function of the liver in relation to metabolism? | It manages nutrients, detoxifies substances, maintains blood sugar, and creates essential proteins. |
| The process where insulin stops the breakdown of glycogen to release glucose is called _____. | Glycogenolysis inhibition. |
| What is the function of secretin, a hormone released by entero-endocrine cells? | It stimulates the pancreas to secrete bicarbonate to neutralize acidic chyme. |
| The hormone cholecystokinin (CCK) is released in response to what type of food reaching the duodenum? | fatty food |
| What are the two main actions of cholecystokinin (CCK)? | It causes the gallbladder to contract (releasing bile) and the pancreas to release pancreatic juice. |
| What is the function of bile in digestion? | Its main function is the emulsification of fats. |
| The process where bile breaks large fat globules into smaller droplets is known as _____. | Emulsification. |
| Pancreatic _____ is an enzyme that digests starch into smaller sugars. | amylase |
| Which two pancreatic enzymes digest proteins into smaller peptides? | Trypsin and chymotrypsin. |
| Pancreatic lipase is responsible for digesting _____ into glycerol and fatty acids. | lipids |
| What is the function of nuclease in pancreatic juice? | It digests nucleic acids (DNA and RNA). |
| Digestion of proteins begins in the stomach with the action of which enzyme? | pepsin |
| Which cells in the stomach secrete pepsinogen, the inactive form of pepsin? | chief cells |
| Parietal cells in the stomach secrete hydrochloric acid and _____. | Intrinsic factor. |
| What is the function of hydrochloric acid (HCl) in the stomach? | It converts pepsinogen to pepsin and kills microbes. |
| Which hormone, produced by G-cells in the stomach, stimulates gastric glands to secrete more HCl and pepsinogen? | gastrin |
| Which brush border enzyme is responsible for digesting milk sugar? | lactase |
| Lactose intolerance is caused by an insufficient amount of the enzyme lactase to digest which type of organic compound? | carbohydrate |
| In lactose intolerant individuals, undigested lactose is fermented by bacteria in which organ? | The large intestine. |
| The process of physically breaking down food into smaller fragments is called _____ digestion. | Mechanical. |
| The process where digestive secretions break down complex food molecules into their chemical building blocks is called _____ digestion. | chemical |
| Chemical digestion of starch begins in the mouth with the enzyme _____. | Salivary amylase. |
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