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Physio Weeks 8-16
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The action of acetylcholine is quickly terminated by its being hydrolyzed by the enzyme | acetylcholinesterase. |
| Both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions are tonically active, which means they | continually conduct impulses to autonomic effectors. |
| Another name for the parasympathetic nervous system is the nervous system. | craniosacral |
| A _____ is a skeletal muscle or group of muscles that receives motor axons from a given spinal nerve. | myotome |
| Many cerebral functions have typical locations. This fact is known as | cerebral localization. |
| The most numerous cerebral tracts are the | association tracts. |
| The _____ consists of several structures that lie beneath the thalamus and form the floor of the third ventricle and the lower part of its lateral walls. | hypothalamus |
| Each skin surface area supplied by sensory fibers of a given spinal nerve is a | dermatome |
| The effect of sympathetic stimulation on the urinary bladder is | relaxation |
| The _____ nerve transmits impulses that result in sensations of equilibrium. | vestibular |
| Which of the following is NOT correct? | Sympathetic preganglionic axons pass along the dorsal root of certain spinal nerves. |
| Axon terminals of autonomic neurons release either of two neurotransmitters, | norepinephrine and acetylcholine. |
| The reticular activating system maintains | consciousness |
| The second largest part of the brain, located just below the posterior portion of the cerebrum, is the | cerebellum |
| The groove between the frontal and parietal lobes of the cerebral cortex is the | central sulcus. |
| Acetylcholine binds to _____ receptors. | cholinergic |
| The somatic motor system includes all the _____ motor pathways _____ the CNS. | voluntary; outside |
| The _____ is an extension of the great toe, with or without fanning of the other toes, in response to stimulation of the outer margin of the sole of the foot. | Babinski sign |
| A reflex consists of either a muscle contraction or a | glandular secretion. |
| If the center of a reflex arc is the brain, the response it mediates is called a | cranial reflex. |
| The limbic system integrates | emotion |
| Which region of the brain plays a part in the mechanism responsible for emotions by associating sensory impulses with feelings of pleasantness and unpleasantness? | thalamus |
| The set of coordinated commands that control the programmed muscle activity mediated by extrapyramidal pathways is called the | motor program |
| Mixed cranial nerves contain axons of | sensory and motor neurons. |
| Which of the following is NOT an example of sympathetic stimulation? | constriction of the bronchioles |
| The two main types of adrenergic receptors are | alpha & beta |
| Which cranial nerve is responsible for the sense of smell? | olfactory |
| Tongue movement is controlled by which cranial nerve? | hypoglossal |
| “Fight or flight” physiological changes include all of the following EXCEPT | constriction of respiratory airways. |
| The cortex is capable of storing and retrieving information from both short-term and long-term | memory |
| If the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal nerve were destroyed, a person would lose _____ related to that pathway. | sensory perception |
| The preganglionic neurons of both the sympathetic and the parasympathetic divisions are cholinergic. | true |
| Which of the following is not an example of sympathetic stimulation? | Constriction of the bronchioles |
| Which of the following is a description of the principle of autonomic antagonism as it relates to the autonomic nervous system? | If sympathetic impulses tend to stimulate an effector, parasympathetic impulses tend to inhibit it. |
| Impulses sent over which of the following tracts could result in voluntary movement, especially of the hands, fingers, feet, and toes of the opposite side? | Lateral corticospinal |
| Audition is a function of the _____ lobe. | temporal |
| The knee jerk can be classified as a segmental reflex because: | impulses that mediate it enter and leave the same segment of the cord. |
| Which of the following is not true of the knee jerk reflex? | It is a flexor reflex. |
| The cerebellum acts with the _____ to produce skilled movement. | cerebrum |
| Impulses from the _____ play a part in arousing or alerting the cerebrum. | thalamus |
| The parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions always act with a cooperative influence, and through summation of the impulses, the effect can be increased. | false |
| Which of the following statements is not true? | The major function of the parasympathetic division is to serve as an “emergency” system. |
| Normal infants will show the Babinski reflex up to the age of _____ years. | 1.5-2 |
| Cerebrospinal fluid is formed by filtration of blood in the: | choroid plexuses. |
| Most effectors of the autonomic nervous system are dually innervated by sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons. | true |
| Conduction by the sixth cranial nerve results in sensations of hearing. | false |
| Nerves that innervate the floor of the pelvic cavity and some of the surrounding areas are found in the _____ plexus. | coccygeal |
| Damage to the _____ nerve could make the diaphragm unable to function. | phrenic |
| Blood vessels in both digestive organs and skeletal muscles are dilated by sympathetic stimulation. | false |
| Danielle has sustained an injury that has reduced her ability to complete simple tasks such as lifting a pencil, manipulating eating utensils, and brushing her hair. The injury has affected the _____ motor pathways _____ the central nervous system (CNS). | voluntary; outside |
| A small molecule binds to a G protein, preventing its activation. What direct effect will this have on signaling that involves cAMP? | Adenylyl cyclase will not be activated. |
| Which hormone is released by the pituitary to stimulate the thyroid gland? | thyrotropin |
| Which hormone produced by the adrenal glands is responsible for mobilization of energy stores? | epinephrine |
| What should you avoid doing in the middle of your sleep cycle that would lower melatonin? | turning on the lights |
| What goes wrong in the function of insulin in type 2 diabetes? | the cells don't respond to insulin like they should |
| Which ear structures are responsible for the amplification and transfer of sound from the external ear to the inner ear? | The ossicles |
| Based on the animation, where do frequencies—from high to low pitches—cause activity in the hair cells within the cochlear duct? | the apex of the cochlea, between the base and the apex of the cochlea |
| Specialized cells in the retina called ganglion cells convert the light rays into ________________. | electrical signals |
| If movement of a visual stimulus is leftward in one eye and rightward in the opposite eye, the brain interprets this as movement toward (or away) from the face along the midline. Which eye is visualizing leftward stimulus? | right eye |
| When the right cornea senses a tactile stimulus, what happens to the left eye? | blinks |
| The production of thyroid hormone is stimulated by another hormone from the: | anterior pituitary |
| The receptors responsible for sensing crude and persistent touch are the: | Ruffini corpuscles. |
| Which of the following is a function of glucagon? | Tends to increase blood glucose concentrations |
| The somatic senses enable us to detect sensations, including: | all of the above |
| Which is not true of the hormone somatostatin? | It stimulates the secretion of insulin |
| Which of the following statements is not true of the pineal gland? | Melatonin is stimulated by the presence of sunlight. |
| If you slammed your finger in a car door, it would stimulate _____ pain fibers. | acute |
| All of the following are nonsteroid hormones except: | cortisol |
| Clearness or sharpness of visual perception is known as: | visual acuity |
| The immediate effect of a steroid hormone on a cell is the: | transcription of RNA |
| In comparison with the nervous system, the regulatory effects of the endocrine system are: | slow to appear but long-lasting. |
| Movement of hair cells in the organ of Corti against the _____ membrane can stimulate nerve impulse condition. | tectoral |
| The major hormone produced by the corpus luteum is: | progesterone |
| The clear and potassium-rich fluid that fills the labyrinth is | endolymph |
| Visceroceptors are located in which of the following? | internal organs |
| The two-point discrimination test can be used to measure: | the sensitivity of the skin in various parts of the body. |
| The type of cells that secrete ACTH are: | corticotrophs |
| When a small amount of one hormone allows a second hormone to have its full effect, the phenomenon is called: | permissiveness |
| The sequence of auditory ossicles in the middle ear starting at the tympanic membrane and ending at the oval window is: | malleus, incus, and stapes. (MIS) |
| Dynamic equilibrium depends on the functioning of the | Crista ampullaris |
| The molecule that makes up 95% of the dry weight of each red blood cell and is responsible for the red pigment is | hemoglobin. |
| _____ is used to determine the volume percentage of red blood cells in whole blood. | hematocrit |
| The physiological mechanism that dissolves clots is known as | fibrinolysis |
| In the extrinsic pathway of stage 1 of the clotting mechanism, chemicals released from damaged tissues trigger the cascade of events that ultimately result in the formation of | prothrombin activator |
| Erythrocytes begin their maturation sequence in red bone marrow from nucleated cells known as: | hematopoietic stem cells. |
| Platelets play an important role in | blood clotting |
| A glycoprotein hormone that is secreted to increase oxygen concentration in the tissues is | erythropoietin |
| The term blood type refers to the type of blood cell | antigen |
| The heart has its own special covering, a loose-fitting inextensible sac called the | pericardium |
| Which division of the autonomic nervous system sends fibers to the heart? | sympathetic and parasympathetic (A&B) |
| The heart valves that are located where the trunk of the pulmonary artery joins the right ventricle and where the aorta joins the left ventricle are called | semilunar valves |
| The normal cardiac impulse that initiates mechanical contraction of the heart arises in the | SA node |
| A graphic record of the heart’s electrical activity is a(n) | ECG |
| A type of abnormal heart sound that may signify incomplete closing of the valves is | a heart murmur |
| From which vessels do myocardial cells receive blood? | coronary arteries |
| After blood leaves the lungs and returns to the heart, it enters the | left atrium |
| During fetal circulation, what opening in the septum, between the right and left atria, directs most of the blood so that it bypasses the fetal lungs? | foramen ovale |
| In _____, blood moves from veins to other veins or arteries to other arteries without passing through an intervening capillary network. | vascular anastomoses |
| The _____ drains much of the superficial leg and foot. | great saphenous vein |
| Which sphincters function as regulatory valves that reduce the flow of blood through a network of capillaries when they contract and constrict the arterioles? | precapillary sphincters |
| Which types of arteries are also called conducting arteries and include the aorta? | elastic arteries |
| Renal veins drain blood from the | kidneys |
| The internal iliac artery supplies blood to the | pelvis |
| Which are the two baroreceptors that are located near the heart? | aortic baroreceptors and carotid baroreceptors |
| The mechanisms of which three hormones work together to regulate blood volume? | aldosterone, ANH, and ADH |
| The vagus is said to act as a “brake” on the heart. This situation is called | vagal inhibition |
| Factors that affect the strength of myocardial contraction are called | inotropic factors |
| Starling’s law of the heart states that, within limits, the longer, or more stretched, the heart fibers are at the beginning of the contraction, the | stronger the contraction |
| What functions as an emergency mechanism when hypoxia or hypercapnia endangers the stability of the internal environment? | chemoreceptor reflex |
| Blood pressure is measured with the aid of an apparatus known as a(n) | sphygmomanometer. |
| The chemoreceptors in the carotid bodies are particularly sensitive to: | hypercapnia |
| In the extrinsic pathway of stage 1 of the clotting mechanism, chemicals released from damaged tissues trigger the cascade of events that ultimately result in the formation of | prothrombin activator. |
| A decrease in the amount of white blood cells is called | leukopenia |
| The localized pressure gradient needed to maintain blood flow in a tissue is called | perfusion pressure |
| Neutrophils are highly mobile and phagocytic. They migrate out of blood vessels and into tissue spaces. This process is called | diapedesis |
| Which of the following is not true of ventricles? | all are true |
| Which are the two baroreceptors that are located near the heart? | aortic baroreceptors and carotid baroreceptors |
| Cardiac output is determined by | stroke volume and heart rate. |
| _____ is used to determine the volume percentage of red blood cells in whole blood. | hematocrit |
| _____, a natural constituent of blood, acts as an antithrombin and prevents clots from forming in vessels. | heparin |
| The heart begins beating in the fetus at about what stage of development? | after about 4 weeks |
| All of the following are components critical to coagulation except | none of the above; all of these components are critical to coagulation. |
| Blood volume per kilogram of body weight varies inversely with: | body fat |
| Circulatory shock caused by a drop in the amount of blood in the circulatory system is called _____ shock. | hypovolemic |
| What is the functional significance of large areas of cardiac muscle being electrically coupled to form a single functional syncytium? | Because they form a syncytium, muscle cells can pass an action potential along a large area of the heart wall, stimulating contraction in each muscle fiber of the syncytium. |
| A glycoprotein hormone that is secreted to increase oxygen concentration in the tissues is | erythropoietin |
| Inhibition of sympathetic vasoconstrictor impulses is considered a major mechanism of | vasodilation |
| Blood viscosity stems mainly from the red blood cells but also partly from the _____ in blood. | protein molecules present |
| The term used to describe the collection of mechanisms that influence the circulation of blood is: | hemodynamics |
| Lymph is filtered by the | lymph nodes |
| The lymphatic organs produce | lymphocytes |
| The purpose of the lymphatic system is to | fight against infection |
| Fluid that is clear, watery and contains protein molecules, salts, and other substances is called | intercellular fluid |
| The lymphatic system is made up of lymphatic vessels where lymph flows in only one direction towards | the heart |
| The T cell is considered | the communicator |
| Millions of B cells release millions of | antibodies |
| Chemotaxis is the process by which a cell navigates toward the source of the chemotactic factor by way of | detecting and then moving toward higher concentrations of the factor. |
| Molecules formed by the reactions of the complement cascade assemble themselves on the enemy cell’s surface, which results in | cytolysis |
| The _____ postulates that when an antigen enters the body, it selects the clone whose cells are committed to synthesizing its specific antibody and stimulates these cells to proliferate and to thereby produce more antibodies. | clonal selection theory |
| What is the function of the spleen? | all of the above |
| Which of these substances operate(s) immune mechanisms? | all of the above |
| The functions of the lymph nodes are | defense and hematopoiesis. |
| Activities that result in central movement or flow of lymph are called | lymphokinetic activities. |
| Which organ has several functions, including defense, hematopoiesis, red blood cell and platelet destruction, and blood reservoir? | spleen |
| The body’s defense mechanisms can be organized into one of two major categories of immune mechanisms; these are | innate and adaptive immunity. |
| The function of which antibody is basically unknown? | IgD |
| The functions of the lymphatic system include: | A, B, C, & D |
| Lymphocytes that kill many types of tumor cells and cells infected by different kinds of viruses are known as | Natural killer cells |
| The ability of our immune system to attack abnormal or foreign cells but spare our own normal cells is called: | self-tolerance |
| Which protein interferes with the ability of viruses to cause disease? | interferon |
| Which antibody is synthesized by immature B cells and then inserted into their plasma membranes? | IGM |
| Complement can best be described as a(n): | enzyme in blood |
| Which of the following is a powerful poison that acts directly on any cell and quickly kills it? | lymphotoxin |
| _____ refers to a phenomenon in which the genetic characteristics common to a particular kind of organism provide defense against certain pathogens. | species resistance |
| Because T cells attack pathogens more directly, T-cell immune mechanisms are classified as _____ immunity. | cell-mediated |
| Hyperpnea means a(n) | increase in breathing |
| Which term refers to the volume of inspired air that actually reaches, or “ventilates,” the alveoli? | alveolar ventilation |
| An increase in carbon dioxide in the blood causes | a drop in pH in the blood. |
| The amount of oxygen that diffuses into blood each minute depends on which factor? | all of the above |
| During the respiratory cycle, intrapleural pressure is always less than alveolar pressure. This difference is called | transpulmonary pressure |
| The exact amount of oxygen in blood depends mainly on the amount of | hemoglobin |
| The exit of the bicarbonate ion from the red blood cell is balanced by the inward transport of another negative ion, chloride. This countertransport of negative ions is often called the _____ shift. | chloride |
| A right shift of the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve due to increased partial pressure of carbon dioxide is also known as | The Bohr effect |
| The mechanism that produces pulmonary ventilation is one that establishes a gas pressure gradient between the | atmosphere and the alveolar air. |
| The sensors that provide feedback information to the medullary rhythmicity area are the | central chemoreceptors and peripheral chemoreceptors. |
| The _____ represents the largest volume of air an individual can move in and out of the lungs. | vital capacity |
| When carbon dioxide dissolves in water, some of the carbon dioxide molecules associate with water to form | carbonic acid. |
| According to the law of partial pressures, the partial pressure of gas in a mixture of gases is | directly related to the concentration of that gas in the mixture and to the total pressure of the mixture. |
| _____ law states that the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure. | Boyle's |
| Oxygen enters blood from alveolar air because the partial pressure of alveolar air is | greater than the partial pressure of incoming blood. |
| The compound formed when carbon dioxide combines with hemoglobin is | carbaminohemoglobin |
| Pressure gradients are established by changes in the | thoracic cavity |
| The basic rhythm of the respiratory cycle of inspiration and expiration seems to be generated by the | medullary rhythmicity area. |
| The ability of the lungs and thorax to stretch is referred to as | compliance |
| The forced expiratory volume test can determine the presence of respiratory obstruction by measuring the | volume of air expired per second during forced expiration. |
| Spirometry is used to measure all of the following EXCEPT: | total lung capacity |
| More than two-thirds of the carbon dioxide carried by blood is carried in the form of | bicarbonate ions. |
| An obstructive lung disorder that is characterized by recurring spasms of the smooth muscles in the wall of the bronchial air passages is | asthma |
| The volume of air exhaled normally after a typical inspiration is called _____ volume. | tidal |
| In what form does oxygen travel in the blood? | dissolved oxygen in the plasma, associated with hemoglobin. Both a & B |
| The apparatus used to measure the volume of air exchanged in breathing is called a(n) | spirometer |
| Which oxygen-binding protein helps move oxygen out of the blood and into muscle cells? | myoglobin |
| Which structural feature facilitates oxygen diffusion from the alveolar air into the blood in lung capillaries? | all of these are correct |
| During inspiration, as the size of the thorax increases, the | intrapleural and alveolar pressures decrease. |
| What variations exist in the body to temporarily store or carry oxygen? | all of the above |
| Which of the following constitutes total lung volume? | Residual volume and vital capacity |
| During inspiration, the expansion of the lungs causes: | a decrease in alveolar pressure. |
| The vital capacity is equal to the sum of the: | inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and expiratory reserve volume. |
| The major form by which carbon dioxide is transported in the circulatory system is: | as bicarbonate ions. |
| Which of the following is not a true statement? | Raising the ribs decreases the depth and width of the thorax. |
| Which of the following is not a regulated process associated with the functioning of the respiratory system? | Control of cell metabolism rate |
| By the time the blood leaves the lung capillaries to return to the heart, what percentage of the blood’s hemoglobin has united with oxygen? | 97% |
| Ciliated cells lining the respiratory tract: | help move the mucus blanket toward the pharynx. |
| Which of the following combinations in arterial blood could cause an increase in the respiratory rate? | Increased PCO2, decreased arterial pressure, decreased pH, decreased PO2 |
| One hundred milliliters of arterial blood contains approximately what volume percent of oxygen? | 20% |
| External respiration can be defined as: | the exchange of gases between the lung and the blood capillaries in the lung. & pulmonary ventilation. Both A & B |
| Which of the following helps determine the amount of oxygen that diffuses into the blood each minute? | All of the above help determine the amount of oxygen that diffuses into the blood each minute. |
| The function of the vibrissae in the vestibule is to: | provide an initial “filter” to screen particulate matter from air that is entering the system. |
| The tendency of the thorax and lungs to return to the preinspiration volume is called: | elastic recoil |
| Gas exchange, the lungs’ main and vital function, takes place in the: | alveoli |
| Dalton law states that the partial pressure of a gas in a mixture of gases is _____ to the total pressure of the mixture. | directly related to the concentration of that gas in the mixture and |
| The PCO2 in alveolar air is _____ blood. | less than in the systemic venous equal to the systemic arterial Both A & C are correct |
| About 98.5% of the oxygen carried by systemic arterial blood is attached to: | hemoglobin |
| The PCO2 in the atmosphere is: | less than in the alveolar air. |
| Which of the following would you expect to happen to cellular respiration during exercise? | Increased cellular respiration occurs during exercise, causing a rise in plasma PCO2, which is detected by central chemoreceptors in the brain and perhaps peripheral chemoreceptors in the carotid sinus and aorta to cause an increase in respiration rate. |
Created by:
amandasteel