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Biotechnology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is DNA that has been altered to contain genes or portions of genes from different organisms? | Recombinant DNA |
| What is a plant or animal that expresses DNA that has been modified or derived from other species? | Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) |
| What cuts DNA at specific sites? | Restriction enzymes |
| What is the overhang created after DNA is cut? | Sticky ends |
| What is the flat end made after DNA is cut? | Blunt ends |
| What is the process used to separate DNA fragments by size? | Gel electrophoresis |
| How does gel electrophoresis work? | Applies electric current to Agarose gel, DNA molecules (negative charge) more toward the positive end of the gel; the smaller the fragment, the faster and farther it moves |
| What kind of charge do DNA molecules have? | Negative |
| What mapped the human DNA sequence? | The Human Genome Project |
| What made it illegal for insurance companies and employers to discriminate based on genetics? | Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008 |
| How is DNA fingerprinting done? | DNA is extracted, then cut by restriction enzymes, then goes through gel electrophoresis |
| What is the process of altering chromatin structure so gene expression changes? | Genomic imprinting |
| What does genomic imprinting do in humans and mammals? | A gene is only expressed by the father/mother |
| What are examples of gene imprinting? | Angelman syndrome, Prader-Willi syndrome |
| What is the process of breeding plants/animals for specific characteristics? | Selective breeding |
| What is the crossing of dissimilar individuals to bring together the best traits of both organisms? | Hybridization |
| What is the continued breeding of individuals with similar characteristics? | Inbreeding |
| What is a condition common in plants where it has two sets of chromosomes, increasing stress tolerance and size? | Polyploidy |
| What is used to make multiple copies of specific DNA sequences? | Polymerase Chain Reaction |
| What are small circular DNA molecules found in some bacteria? | Plasmids |
| What are plasmids used for? | Carrying and replicating foreign DNA in a lab |
| What do scientists use to "tag" bacteria that have taken up a plasmid successfully? | Genetic markers |
| What does guide RNA do in CRISPR? | It matches a desired DNA sequence so the protein Cas-9 knows where to cut |
| What can happen after Cas-9 makes a cut? | The DNA will try to be repaired, which gives the opportunity to: repair it in a faulty way, disabling the gene, insert a gene, or modify the DNA sequence to correct a mutation |
| What is an organism containing genes from other species? | A transgenic organism |
| What is a population of genetically identical cells produced from a single cell? | A clone |
| What is used to create a new plant in a medium from the tissue of a parent plant? | Tissue culture |
| What are used to create a new plant from a branch or stem of an existing plant? | Cuttings |
| What happens in embryo transplant? | A female is inseminated, during the embryo's growth it is removed and split into multiple embryos |
| What is the result of an embryo transplant? | A few genetically identical organisms |
| What happens during adult cell cloning? | The nucleus of an unfertilized egg cell is removed, the fused with a donor nucleus, then the embryo is implanted into a foster mother's womb |
| What are current uses of biotechnology? | Animals with more milk/meat production, plants with more herbicide/infection resistance |
| What is gene therapy? | Using a normal gene from the human genome to replace a faulty gene to treat a disease or disorder |
| What are "designer babies?" | A baby who's embryo has been modified for a specific desired trait |
| What are the ethical concerns behind designer babies? | The traits will be passed down over generations and there are concerns of how far it should go with editing of people |
Created by:
agastyad