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Crop Sci Test 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| true or false, AABB and aaBB are both homozygous genotypes | true |
| true or false, both dominant traits are expressed in AaBb | true |
| true or false, RNA directly determines an organism's traits by carrying genes | false |
| true or false, mutations can only harm plants and have no benefits for breeding | false |
| true or false, dormancy in seeds prevents germination in unfavorable conditions | true |
| true or false, damping-off in seedlings is caused by bacteria | false |
| true or false, chimeras are mutations that affect the entire plant | false |
| true or false, apomixis results in genetically identical offspring to the mother plant | true |
| true or false, the scion in grafting is the root part of the graft | false |
| true or false, micropropagation allows for large-scale propagation from small plant parts | true |
| what role does RNA play in determining an organism's traits | it creates proteins based on DNA templates |
| how does scarification help in breaking seed dormancy | by weakening the seed coat |
| which of the following is not a function of adventitious roots | developing from shoot terminals |
| what is the most stable type of chimera | periclinal chimera |
| why is disease transmission a concern in asexual propagation | diseases spread quickly through genetically identical plants |
| in grafting, which part of the plant is the rootstock | the root part that supports the scion |
| what is the relationship between genotype and phenotype | genotype is the genetic makeup and phenotype is how genes are expressed in response to the environment |
| what is the primary purpose of seed certification | to guarantee known genetic identity and purity for consistent plant characteristics |
| how does dormancy serve as a survival mechanism for seeds | it prevents seeds from germinating until conditions are favorable |
| why are auxins used in cutting propagation | to enhance root development |
| what is the name of the process by which radiant energy from the sun is captured, converted to chemical energy, and then released to support the metabolism of all living organisms | photosynthesis |
| what is the difference between an autotroph and a heterotroph | autotrophs can synthesize energy-bearing compounds while heterotrophs cannot |
| why is it not likely that the respiration of all living creatures on earth is a cause of increasing atmospheric CO2 | globally, CO2 released by respiration equals the amount of CO2 taken up by photosynthesis |
| why is it important for anyone who grows plants to understand the processes of both photosynthesis and respiration | both processes affect how plants grow and develop |
| what is the difference between reduced and oxidized compounds | reduced compounds accept electrons while oxidized compounds give up electrons |
| what makes carbon suitable to be the basis of metabolic energy | the energy in its bonds and its ability to share electrons |
| the oxygen that is released in photosynthesis comes from which compound | water |
| what is the first high energy chemical compound produced in photosynthesis | ATP |
| during which process does the reduction of CO2 to a carbohydrate occur | Calvin cycle |
| what is a carbon fixation and which enzyme is responsible for it | the attachment of CO2 to another carbon compound; Rubisco |
| what are the two things that can happen to a glyceraldehyde molecule produced in the Calvin cycle | it can regenerate ribulose diphosphate or form glucose |
| how do glucose molecules function in the structures of sucrose, starch, and cellulose | both compounds are long chains of glucose; in starch the glucose are connected with an alpha linkage, in cellulose the linkage is beta |
| what is an advantage of having a series of enzyme-mediated steps in a biochemical reaction | the process is more easily regulated and less heat is generated |
| why is phosphorylation common in metabolic reactions | it increases the reactivity of compounds |
| what regions of light are most effective for photosynthesis | red and blue |
| what is photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) and how is it measured | it is the measure of photosynthetically active light and is measured in micromoles of photons per square meter per second |
| how would leaves of a plant grown under low light differ from those grown under high light conditions | low light leaves are usually larger, thinner, and lighter green |
| why are both wavelength and the number of photons important in photosynthesis | wavelength affects absorption by chlorophyll and the number of photons indicates how much light is available |
| what happens to a plant's carbohydrate reserves when light intensity is below the light compensation point at night | the reserves are used to support the plant's respiration |
| why can increasing CO2 concentrations under high light conditions increase photosynthesis | CO2 is used up more quickly in high light, so increasing CO2 helps maintain photosynthesis rates |
| what role do stomatas play in photosynthesis | they allow CO2 to enter the leaf |
| why is keeping C3 plants well-watered during hot sunny conditions important for photosynthesis | it helps keep the stomates open so CO2 can enter the leaf |
| how do C4 and CAM plants maintain photosynthesis under hot sunny conditions | C4 plants concentrate CO2 in specific leaf areas, and CAM plants store CO2 during the night for use during the day |
| true or false, source tissues store carbohydrates while sink tissues release them | false |
| true or false, respiration is considered the opposite of photosynthesis because it breaks down glucose and releases the energy stored during photosynthesis | true |
| true or false, pyruvic acid is the last molecule formed from glucose in glycolysis | true |
| true or false, the citric acid cycle is the third step of respiration and it occurs in the chloroplastsf | false |
| true or false, in the respiration process, the conversion of glucose to pyruvic acid releases CO2 | false |
| true or false, ATP, NADH, and FADH are generated during glycolysis and the TCA cycle | true |
| true or false, ATP and NADH are oxidized in the electron transport chain | false |
| true or false, ATP is generated by electron transport in respiration | true |
| true or false, oxygen combines with hydrogen to form water in electron transportt | true |
| true or false, live plants are shipped under low temperatures to reduce respiration rates and conserve carbohydrate reserves | true |
| plant growth refers to an irreversible increase in mass, while plant development is the progression through lifecycle stages | true |
| photomorphogenesis is the regulation of plant shape and form by light | true |
| indeterminate growth in plants means that the stem development stops once the flowers is formed at the tip | false |
| vernalization is a cold treatment that induces seed germination | false |
| auxin is a gaseous hormone | false |
| a juvenile plant is capable of reproduction | false |
| circadian rhythms are biological rhythms within a 24 hour cycle | true |
| phytochrome absorbs only red light for photomorphogenic responses | false |
| what is the primary difference between plant growth and development | growth is an irreversible increase in mass, while development is the progression through lifecycle stages |
| how is plant growth commonly measured | increases in height, weight, volume, length, and surface area |
| which pigment controls most photomorphogenic responses in plants and absorbs red and far red light | phytochrome |
| what is heliotropic movement | plant movement in response to changes in solar angle |
| in what form is ethylene, making it unique among traditional plant hormones | gas |
| what does the shade avoidance response cause in plants grown close together | the plants become tall, spindly, and with fewer branches |
| which of the following is not an effect of withholding water on plants | it encourages taller plant growth |
| what are the stages of seed germination | imbibition, radical emergence, shoot emergence |
| what is photoperiodism | the plant's response to changing day length |
| which of the following describes the lifecycle of a biennial plant | requires two years to complete its lifecycle |
| how do growers manipulate the photoperiod to produce short-day plants like chrysanthemums year round | use opaque cloth or artificial lighting to alter day length |
| which hormone is most commonly targeted by chemical growth regulators | gibberellin |
| what is stratification in plant cultivation | cold treatment of seeds to induce germination |
| what is parthenocarpy | fruit formation without pollination and fertilization |
| why do fruit growers often remove up to half of the developing fruit from their plants | to increase the size of the remaining fruit |
| which of the following is a natural function of ABA (abscisic acid) in plants | regulating seed development and stomata opening |
| what temperature range can cause chilling injury in some tropical plants | above 13 degrees Celcius |
| fertilizing for field crops is done at time of planting | true |
| fertilizing for vegetables is done at the time of planting and at the time of harvest | false |
| an incomplete fertilizer has N, P, and K while a complete fertilizer is missing one or more of the three elements | false |
| it's important to know the materials in a fertilizer formulation because they effect plants differently even though the elements they provide are the same | true |
| the Secure Handling of Ammonium Nitrate Act requires those who use Ammonium nitrate, even as a fertilizer, to be registered with Homeland Security | true |
| soil testing is important in a fertility management system, but tissue testing is not | false |
| adding lime to the soil will increase pH while adding sulfur will decrease pH | true |
| Cation Exchange Capacity is important in fertility management because it determines how well cation nutrients are held in reserve of the soil | true |
| fertilization is the application of only liquid fertilizer as part of a nutrient management program | false |
| the fertilizer injector adds fertilizer to irrigation water, allowing a high concentration of fertilizer to be diluted as it enters the water flow | true |
| what is tillage and why is soil moisture an important factor in tillage | tillage is the mechanical manipulation and soil that is too wet or dry can be damaged and make the tilling ineffective |
| how much water should a soil ideally hold | 25% of its volume |
| what is the purpose of using a plow, disk, harrow, or cultivator | plows invert soil and bury plant residues, disks can be used as plows or harrows, harrows break down clumps left by plows, cultivators control weeds after planting |
| what is the purpose of ridging or listing a field | to create raised areas for planting |
| why are some soils fumigated or pasteurized | to destroy harmful pests and pathogens |
| why is a methyl bromide use as a soil fumigant highly regulated | it is highly toxic and has adverse effects of the ozone layer |
| what is being done to overcome the loss of methyl bromide use in soils | grafting crop plants onto rootstocks that resist soil pests and pathogens |
| why can the loss of vegetation cover lead to soil degradation | vegetation helps stabilize the soil and prevent erosion |
| how do tillage and drainage contribute to the loss of organic matter from the soil | both increase oxygen in the soil, which can promote microorganisms to decompose organic matter faster |
| what is soil compaction and how does it occur in fields where plants are produced | the reduction in pore space in the soil, usually caused by heavy equipment use in the field |
| what happens to soil bulk density in compaction and how can it be measured | bulk density increases, measured by dividing the weight of air dried soil by its volume |
| what are soil salinization and saltwater intrusion | salinization is the accumulation of salts in the soil and intrusion is the movement of seawater into freshwater tables and wells |
| how does a permanent cover crop help improve degraded soil | it adds organic material, fosters soil organisms, rebuilds soil structure, and provides erosion protection |
| what is no-till production and how does it improve soil | it is the planting of crops without tilling the soil after the previous crop and helps prevent erosion and support soil or organisms |
| why is it important to understand the C:N ration when adding organic material to the soil | if C is too high, N will be immobilized by microorganisms that feed on C |
| why are row crops more likely to contribute to soil erosion than crops planted by broadcast seeding, such as grasses | the rows of row crops create paths that allow water to flow through and carry soil away |
| what was Black Sunday | the day the sky turned black due to dust storms from Texas and Oklahoma |
| how do grassy waterways, contour tillage, strip cropping, and terracing help control erosion | grassy waterway gives vegetative cover to natural waterways, contour tillage reduces water flow on slopes, contour strip cropping combines row and broadcast crops, terracing Retains water and reduces slope erosion |
| what is an artificial soil and what factors influence its characteristics | a growing medium created from several components; influenced by particle size, structure, and handling/compaction |
| why are water pH, alkalinity, and salinity important factors in irrigation | they influence how plants grow by impacting nutrient availability and uptake |
| which of the following describes the difference between border, flood, and furrow methods of irrigation | border water flows along raised beds, flood water covers the entire field, furrow water flows in trenches between rows of crops |
| what is ebb and flood irrigation and where is it used | it is the flooding and draining of benches or floors to irrigate greenhouse plants |
| which answer describes riser, popup, wheel line, gantry, and center pivot irrigation | riser pipe that holds the sprinkler nozzle, pop up sprinkler that pops up from the ground, wheel line a mobile sprinkler system |
| why is water use more efficient with drip irrigation compared to other systems | it delivers water directly to the plant roots, reducing evaporation and waste |
| why are irrigation systems controlled by sensors that detect soil moisture, evaporation potential, or light better than timer controlle systems | sensors adapt to real time environmental conditions, which is more efficient |
| why was drainage installed in fields and what problem has it caused | to increase the amount of usable land for agriculture,; caused the loss of wetlands and led to ecological problems |
| why is it necessary to replace plant nutrients when crops are harvested and removed from a field | because harvested crops contain nutrients that are removed from the soil and need to be replaced for future crops |
| besides nutritional elements, what do manures and crop residues add to the soil | organic material that improves soil structure and supports soil organisms |
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