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Diabetes

QuestionAnswer
Type 1 Diabetes results from an autoimmune destruction of the pancreatic B cells. Usually develops in persons younger than 30 years of age
Type 2 diabetes development is attributed to a much more sedentary lifestyle and lack of exercise. Usually develops in persons older than 40 years, however more and more cases are being reported for those under 20 years old
Hyperglycemia refers to an abnormally high level of glucose (sugar) in the blood
Hypoglycemia condition characterized by abnormally low levels of glucose (sugar) in the blood
Hyperkalemia medical condition characterized by elevated levels of potassium (an essential electrolyte) in the blood.
Glycosuria the presence of glucose (sugar) in the urine
Prophylactic refers to measures or treatments designed to prevent disease or a condition before it occurs
UTI Urinary Tract Infection
Xerostomia medical term for dry mouth
Arthralgia Joint pain
Macroangiopathy refers to damage or disease affecting the large blood vessels
Microangiopathy refers to damage or disease affecting the small blood vessels
Ketoacidosis serious condition characterized by the buildup of acids called ketones in the body, which occurs when the body breaks down fat for fuel instead of carbohydrates. This can lead to a dangerously high level of acidity in the blood
Insulins insulin aspart (NovoLog) rapid-acting, insulin lispro (Humalog) rapid-acting, insulin regular (Humulin R) short-acting, insulin glargine (Lantus) long-acting
Biguanides metformin (Glucophage)
SGLT-2 Inhibitors canagliflozin (Invokana)
GLP-1 Receptor Agonists liraglutide (Victoza), semaglutide (Ozempic)
Sulfonylureas glimepiride (Amaryl), glipizide (Glucotrol), glyburide (DiaBeta)
DPP-4 Inhibitors sitagliptin (Januvia)
Thiazolidinediones pioglitazone (Actos)
two primary pancreatic hormones Insulin: Promotes fuel storage, Glucagon: Promotes fuel mobilization
A1C Is a blood test that measures the average level of blood glucose (sugar) over the past two to three months, It reflects how well blood sugar levels have been controlled over a period of time, an indication of long-term glucose management
hyperglycemia high blood sugar
hyptoglycemia low blood sugar
Insulin Facilitates the uptake of glucose by cells, reducing blood sugar levels
Biguanides (e.g., Metformin) Decrease glucose production in the liver and improve insulin sensitivity
Sulfonylureas (e.g., Glipizide) Stimulate the pancreas to release more insulin
Thiazolidinediones (e.g., Pioglitazone) Enhance insulin sensitivity in muscle and fat tissues
DPP-4 Inhibitors (e.g., Sitagliptin) Increase insulin release and decrease glucagon levels in response to meals
GLP-1 Receptor Agonists (e.g., Liraglutide) Mimic the effects of the hormone GLP-1 to stimulate insulin secretion, inhibit glucagon release, and slow gastric emptying
SGLT2 Inhibitors (e.g., Canagliflozin) Prevent the reabsorption of glucose by the kidneys, leading to glucose excretion in urine
Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors (e.g., Acarbose) Delay the digestion and absorption of carbohydrates in the intestines, reducing postprandial blood sugar spikes
Macroangiopathy damage or disease affecting large blood vessels
Microangiopathy damage or disease affecting the small blood vessels
Hyperlipidemia elevated levels of lipids (fats) in the blood
Atherosclerosis buildup of fatty deposits, called plaques, on the inner walls of arteries
Retinopathy DM affects the blood supply to the retina Diabetes is the major cause of blindness in adults
Neuropathy DM leads to the reduction in and sometimes absence of, feeling, especially in the lower extremities.
Created by: abelcher2
 

 



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