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Science Unit Test
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are fluids? How are they defined? | Fluids are gasses and liquids. They are defined by the fact that they flow, and the fact that they don't have a defined shape. |
| How do fluids that are gasses behave differently than fluids that are liquids? Why is this? | Liquids have a defined volume and gasses do not. |
| What is the particle theory of matter? Explain. | All matter is made out of tiny particles that move, have spaces between them, have attractions, and move faster when heated. |
| Can a solid be a fluid? If so, under what circumstances? Provide an example. | No, but it can still behave like a fluid and some solids can flow (glaciers) But usually not. |
| A key characteristic of fluids is that they can flow. Why is it that fluids flow? Why can’t most solids “flow”? | Because the particles in fluids that can flow are spread out and have space to move but in solids the particles are packed together so they dont have space to flow. |
| What are the different types of flow? What causes them? Provide examples of each. | Laminar flow ,example: water coming from tap, and Turbulent flow ,example: rocks in a river. |
| What are the factors that affect flow rate? | Viscosity |
| What is viscosity? | Its the thickness of something. |
| What is cohesion? How does this relate to viscosity? Provide and explain some examples of cohesion in action. | Cohesion is when the particles of the same substance stick together. More cohesion equals more viscosity. Examples can be: When you fill a glass t the very top and you can see a slight layer of water over the glass that its being held in, Insects walking |
| What is adhesion? Provide and explain some examples of adhesion in action | Adhesion is when particles of two substances stick together. Examples can be: Milk sticking to the sides of a glass, Glue - the particless of glue are sticking to the substaces your glueing together. |
| How do you calculate flow rate? Provide an example calculation. | Flow rate - F = Distance/Time |
| What is surface tension? What causes it? Provide some examples. | Surface tension is the cohesion of particles of a surface. |
| What is a surfactant? Why are surfactants useful? Provide some examples. | Something that reduces surface tension. |
| How do you determine the volume of an object using the displacement method? | To dertermine the volume of an object, you need to fill up a beaker or something with mesurments to a certain amount for example 20ML then place your object in the water and then how ever much the water rises by will determine the volume of the object. |
| How do you find the volume of a rectangular prism or cube (without using the displacement method)? | Volume = length × width × height. |
| What units are used to measure volume? Give some examples. How do you determine the units you would use for volume when you are required to calculate it for a rectangular prism or cube (without using the displacement method)? | ML, L, cm³, m³ for example, 20ML. |
| Describe the relationship between the mass and volume of an object. What word do we use for the relationship between the mass and volume of an object? | Density. |
| What is density? Explain using an image | Density is how close particles are to each other. |
| Can two objects with different densities be made out of the same material? Why/why not/under what conditions? | it can be if there in different states of matter. So if one object is solid and the other is made out of gas then yes, but if they are both solids (in the same state of matter) then no they cannot be made out of the same matirieal |
| How does the state of matter affect the density of an object or matireal? | Because each state of matter, have differently spread out particles, and density is essentially determind by how far the particles are spread out. |
| How do you calculate density? How do you calculate volume when the density and mass are given? How do you calculate mass when the density and volume are given? | Density = Mass ÷ Volume. |
| Define buoyancy. | The upward force a fluid pushes on an object. |
| What other force acts on objects other than buoyancy? | Gravity. |
| What is positive, negative, and neutral buoyancy? Explain using a drawing. | Positive: object floats Negative: sinks Neutral: doesnt sink to the bottom but doesnt float to the top |
| How is the volume of water displaced by an object related to the weight of an object. | Objects will sink until they displace the amount of water that has the same weight as the object. |
| What factors affect buoyancy? | Density of object, density of fluid, volume of object. |
| Even if two objects have the same density, one may float and one may sink. Why is this? | Shape. A flat shape displaces more water rather than for example a cup shape since it holds more volume. |
| Explain the meaning of this phrase: “Objects sink until they float.” | Objects will sink until they displace the amount of water that has the same weight as the object, and once the amount of water that has been displaced is the amount that the object weighs, it will float. |
| How do changes in temperature affect the volume of a fluid? Use the particle theory of matter to explain your answer. | When theres more heat, the particles will move faster and bang into each other causing them to spread further apart so the volume will increase. When tempretures are more cooled particles will slow down and come closer together. |
| What is pressure? How do you calculate it? Provide an example calculation. | Pressure is the amount of force applied to a surface. Its calculated by F/A. Example: 100N/0.5m2 (2 is squared) |
| What is force? How do you calculate it using the formula for pressure? How do you calculate area using the formula for pressure? | Force is a push or pull that is put upon an object. |
| How do changes in pressure affect the volume of a fluid? How do gasses and liquids differ in this regard? Use the particle theory of matter to explain your answer. | The volume of a fluid decreases as pressure increases. In liquids, the decrease in volume is less extreme than in gasses because liquid particles are already closer together than they are in gasses, meaning that there is only so much closer that they can |
| What is atmospheric pressure? How does it change as altitude increases? Why is that the case? | Atmospheric pressure is basically when your at a higher alltitude and theres less pressure, which is basically just because theres less air above you. |
| How does pressure change as water depth increases? Why is this the case? | Pressure will change as water depth increases because theres more water above you, which means theres more weight on you. |
| How does the pressure exerted by a gas differ from the pressure exerted by a liquid? Why is that the case? | Water is heavier than air, so water exerts more pressure than air does per unit volume. |
| What is Pascal’s Law? Use a diagram to help explain your answer. | Pascal’s law states that the force applied to fluids in a closed system will be distributed equally throughout the fluid in that system. |
| What is a closed system? | A sealed system where fluid can’t escape. Example: A sealed pressure cooker. |
| What is the difference between a hydraulic system and a pneumatic system? | Hydraulic: Uses liquids Pneumatic: Uses gasses |
| What are some examples of hydraulic systems? What are some examples of pneumatic systems? | Hydraulic; Excavator arm, and car brakes Pneumatic: air brakes, and a dentist drill. |
| What are the parts of a hydraulic or pneumatic system? | Valve, Conductor, Pressure gauge, and Pump |
| How do hydraulic and pneumatic systems reflect Pascal’s Law? | Hydraulic and pneumatic systems are based on Pascal’s law. In hydraulic systems, pressure is exerted on a liquid in a closed system. The pressure on the fluid is then distributed equally through the system in order to do work. In pneumatic systems, pressu |
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