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cva muscles
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| supportive role of muscles | brace bones, locomotion, posture |
| what is another role of muscles other than support | heat production-important for endothermy for birds and mammals, and organ function for some ectotherms |
| other uses for muscles than support and heat | vocalization, respiration, digestion sound production and electroreception in fishes |
| pathway of muscle, starting from mesenchyme | mesenchyme cells (undifferentiated) derived from mesoderm, to myoblasts. elongated myoblasts turn into muscle fibers, which develop actin and myosin |
| regions of mesoderm- paraxial | either side of the neural tube, most skeletal muscles, forms somites and somitomeres |
| somites forms into | dermatome, sclerotome, myotome regions |
| what does dermatome form | dermis of skin |
| what does sclerotome form | vertebrae and ribs (skeletal) |
| what does myotome form | skeletal muscles of body trunk and limbs |
| somitomeres forms into | skeletal muscle of the pharyngeal arches |
| what is ectoderm | skin/nervous system, eye muscles |
| what is mesoderm | muscle, bone, blood, connective tissue |
| what is endoderm | gut lining and organs |
| muscle microanatomy in order (big to small) | muscle ORGAN, muscle fiber (cell), myofibril, sarcomere, myofilaments (actin/myosin) |
| parts of a sarcomere: z line | boundary of each sarcomere, anchors thin filaments (actin) |
| parts of a sarcomere: m line | middle of sarcomere which anchors thick filaments (myosin) |
| parts of a sarcomere: a band | entire region of myosin, with and without overlap with actin |
| parts of a sarcomere: i band | only actin |
| parts of a sarcomere: h zone | only myosin |
| what happens to the sarcomere in muscle contraction | i band shortens, h zone disappears, a band stays THE SAME, z lines move closer tohether |
| muscle contraction mechanism | 1) signal from the acetylcholine at neuromuscular junc 2) action potential spreads down muscle fiber and t tubule 3)ca is released from sarcoplasmic reticulum into sarcoplasm 4)binds to troponin, which moves to expose tropomyosin |
| what is the mechanism of myosin binding to actin | exposed myosin binds to the actin forming a cross bridge |
| how do the cross bridges detach | new mc of atp binds to the myosin head and causes myosin to detach from the actin and break the cross bridge |
| characteristics of skeletal muscle | large, multi nucleated, striated, voluntary, neurogenic contraction (single nerve fiber can activate multiple muscle cells) |
| striated muscles can be "broken down" into | fascicles, surrounded by perimysium, arranged in bundles surrounded by epimysium |
| names of skeletal muscle are based on | direction of fibers, location, shape, orig/insert, action, size, or many of these |
| smooth muscle characteristics | elongated, single cental nucleus, small, involuntary |
| 2 types of smooth muscle | visceral and multi unit |
| visceral smooth muscle characteristics | autonomic nervous system, in hollow organs, slow, gap junctions |
| multi unit smooth muscle characteristics | walls of bv, nervous system control, highly regulated, innervated by more than one motor neuron |
| cardiac muscle characteristics | heart, striated, involuntary, uninucleated |
| what do tendons do | attach muscle to bone |
| origin vs insertion | origin doesnt move, insertion moves |
| nodes of ranvier | on the myelinated axon, help the jumping so signal is faster |
| types of muscle contraction | isotonic, isometric, eccentric, concentric |
| isotonic movement... | performs work w=fd |
| isometric movement... | no work |
| concentric contraction... | muscle shortens while generating force, pos work |
| eccentric contraction... | muscle lengthens while still generating force, neg work |
| 2 types of muscle fibers | tonic and twich |
| tonic fiber characteristics | recieve mult connections from neuron, ap no go far, based on freq of impulses, slow and sustained, small |
| twitch fiber characteristics | one neural connection, ap travel quickly, all or none contraction, rate of stim dont matter |
| 2 types of twitch fibers | slow/oxidative, fast/glycolytic |
| slow twitch fibers | oxidation provide energy, many mitochondria, myoglobin, red, low fatigue, slow |
| fast twitch fibers | glycolysis provide energy, fast mvmt, little myoglibin, white muscle, rapid fatigue |
| whole muscle contraction characteristics | parallel elastic components, protag/antag muscles, elastic energy release |
| more sarcomeres=________ contraction | faster contraction |
| long fibers=_________ sarcomeres | more |
| axial muscles include | extrensic eye muscles, brachimeric (mandibular, hyoid, brachial) muscles, epibranchial and hypobranchial muscles (tail,trunk, appendicular) |
| what are cranial muscles | somatic |
| what are brachiomeric muscles | pharyngeal arches, skeletal and smooth muscle, for breathing, food capture, and swallowing |
| modern sharks- levators of brachial arches are united to form ____________, which moves pharynx and gills. now these are associated with the appendicular skeleton | cucullaris |
| progression of the brachiomeric muscles | fish: levator palatoquadrati, adductor mandibulare, intarmandibularis tetrapods: no levator palatoquadrati, but levator/protractor pterygoidei |
| what are tetrapods with kinetic skulls | birds, amphibians and reptiles |
| what do tetrapods with kinetic skulls have | pterygoidei and protracter pterygoidei to elevate skull when mouth is opened (attached to palate) |
| what is diff w mammals jaw muscles | diff ones for movement- massater, temporalis, pterygoideus, digastric |
| basic squalus and fish purpose of branchiomeric muscles | suspend jaw and compress pharynx |
| brachiomeric muscles purpose of tetrapods | depress mandibulae and lower jaw |
| new muscles in placental mammals function | moving lower jaw, hearing, feeding and comm |
| muscles are reduced in bony fish. what does the operculum do more now | respiration (remember leads to neck eventually) |
| tetrapods develop stylopharyngeus and trapezius complex which helps in | swallowing- its in intrinsic muscles of larynx moving shoulder and head- scm complex |
| in fish hypobrachials extend forward from _______ and insert into ____,_____,_____ | pect girdle mandible, hyoid, gill cartilages ultimately strengthen floor of pharynx, lower jaw, extend gill pouches, and aid in breathing and feeding |
| what do hypobrachials do in tetrapods | move hyoid and larynx, catch, swallow, transport food |
| what is the formation/musculature of axial muscles | series of folded muscle segments (myomeres) separated by myosepta, which aids swim in fish |
| what are myomeres divided into | dorsal and ventral by a horizontal septum. called epaxials (above) and hypaxials (below). mid line is called linea alba |
| why do we need myosepta | fish swim by wave of contracting muscle, myosepta transmits this, w/o them mvmt would be lessened |
| where are epaxials of tetrapods | dorsal to transverse processes |
| for higher tetrapods, superficial epaxial bundles form ______ | long muscles that extend over many body segments (LONGISSIMUS, ILIOCOSTALIS, SPINALIS shortest bundles- intervertebrals |
| hypaxials of tetrapods | subvertebral group, rectus abdominus, lateral (external/internal/transverse oblique) |
| where are myosepta restriced to in modern amniotes | thorax |
| are fish rectus muscles developed | no |
| epaxials in tetrapods vs fish | same thing- undulation |
| in tetrapods, epaxials | short and long support vertebral column, anterior attach and move skull |
| other functions of epaxials | salamanders: swimming, locomotion theyre reduces, respiration, support abdomen, bending vertebral column |
| main extrinsic muscles of tetrapod forelimbs | scapular delt, lat dors, rhomboideous, serratus ventralis, pectoralis |
| bird musculature | pectoralis big, supracoracoidus big, intrensic muscle small |
| electric organs where tissue generates electric signals | electroreceptors, especially fish |
Created by:
kavyasurav