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Sociology Exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Group | AT least two people who interact withsome frequency that believe their identity is aligned with the group |
| What isn’t a group | Categories and crowds (Aggregate) |
| Category | A group of individuals who have a common characteristic but lack common identity |
| Crowd (aggregate) | Collection of people who share a physical location but do not have lasting social relations EX: Concerts |
| Primary groups | Face to face interactions with intense sense of belonging, cooperation, and identity |
| Secondary groups | Large and impersonal group ordered around a goal ( Ex: classroom) |
| Networks | Web of direct and indirect ties connecting an individual to other people who may also affect the individual, act as a method of getting things done |
| Social ties | connection between individuals (Indirect and direct ties) |
| Indirect Ties | That person can get in contact with another person |
| Direct ties | can talk to this person |
| Group conformity | how individuals adjust their own attitudes and beliefs to match those of a group |
| Group think | Tendency of network members to confrom to one another |
| Emergent behavior | MOst often found in the animal kingdom, Ideas or movements occur simultaneously within a group that has no leader and no way of mass communication |
| Reference group | A froup that individuals compare themselves to for evaluation |
| In group | A group that one identifies with and feels some connection to (Primary group, you do not have to interact) (Laidback, classy, devout) |
| Out group | Any group an individual feels opposition, rivalry, or hostility toward (Secondary group)(lazy, snobbish, fanatic) |
| Group size | In personal interaction group formation the maximum size is 6 people |
| Common group sizes | Dyad, Triad, Grater than three |
| Dyad | A social group with just two members (The most intimacy, unstable in nature because of maximum intimacy) |
| Triad | A social group with three members (less intimate since there is less one on one interaction, more stable because the third person mediates) |
| Greater than three | The more people you have the more stability you have (Most stable, Least intimate) |
| Anomie | A sense of normlessness (I dont know what i am doing can you help me) |
| Groups role is alleviating Anomie | Virtual communities have provided a method of connecting with even technology (Mediated through information, connection with people we would never see again, can provide space with people who have similar taste) |
| Peer pressure | The influence of ones fellow group members on individual attitudes and behavors |
| Prescription | Behavories approved by a particular group (Supposed) |
| Proscription | behaviors a group wants its members to advoid (Not supposed) |
| Conformity | Extent to which an individual complies with group morms and expectations |
| Three kinds of conformity | Compliance, identification, and internalization |
| Compliance | Dont want to get in trouble (Mildest form of conformity, comply on the promise of rewards or avoidance of punishment) |
| Identification | You identify with it (Medium level of conformity, comply in order to gain acceptance from the group) |
| Internalization | Rules created to enforce it (Strongest form of conformity, Fully adoption of anothers ideals) |
| Power | The ability to control the actions of others |
| Two types of power | Coercive and influential power |
| Coercive power | Power backed by threat or force (Negative) |
| Influential power | Power based on powers of persuasion (Trust you have best intresest) |
| Authority | Legitimate right to weild power |
| Three types of authority | Traditional, Legal-rational, and charismatic authories |
| Traditional | Based in custom, birthright, or divine right |
| Legal-rational | Based in laws, rules, and procedures |
| Charismatic | Based in the perception of remarkable personal qualities (most impressive authority) |
| Types of leadership | Instrumental and expressive |
| Instrumental | Goal oriented and concerned with accomplishing tasks (secondary ties) |
| Expressive | Leaders goal is to promote emotional strength and hope (primary ties) |
| Formal organizations | Large and impersonal secondary organization designed to accomplish a task |
| Rationality | A way of thinking that emphasizes deliberate matter-of-fact colculation of the most efficient way to accomplish a particular task |
| Rationalization of society | historical change fromtradition to rationality as the main type if human thought |
| Bureaucracy | organization designed to operate as rationally as possible (Ideal organization type) |
| 5 traits of a bureaucracy | Hierarchy authority, Clear division of labor, Explicit rules, impersonality, and Meritocracy |
| Hierarchy authority | Pyramidal hierarchy of power |
| Clear division of labor | specialized knowlege of each member of the hierarchy |
| Explicit rules | outlined and written down for the benefit of entire organization |
| impersonality | rules come before peronal feelings |
| Meritocracy | Hiring and promoting based on proven an documented skill |
| Problems with bureaucracy | alienation, inefficiency and ritualism, and iron rule of oligarchy |
| Alienation | People feel as if their part of the DOL defines them |
| inefficiency | the inablity of a formal organization to accomplish their task |
| Bureaucracy ritualism | a focus on rules and regulations to the degree of ineffectiveness |
| iron rule of oligarchy | Governing of the masses by the few |
| Typology | classification of phenomena into categories based on shared characteristics |
| Scientific management | approach that analyzes and synthesizes workflows to improve economic efficiency and labor |
| Race | A socially constructed category of people who share biologically transmitted traits that members of a society consider important and race may be based on biological characteristics, but construction of categories is completely a scoial process |
| Where variations in appearance come from | occur due to differences in migration patterns |
| Racial types | caucasoid, negroid, and mongoloid |
| Caucasoid | Light skin and fine hair |
| Negroid | Dark skin and coarse hair |
| Mongoloid | Yellow skin and brown skin and distinctive eye folds |
| Ethnicity | A shared cultural heritage |
| Social construction of race | Those with distinctive races often have distinctive ethnicities |
| Optional ethnicity | race cannot be hidden except under certain circumstances |
| Minorities | group of people who because of their pysiclal or cultural characterisrics are singled out for differential and unequal treatment |
| Two characteristics of minorities | Unequal treatment and loss power over their lives and distinguishing physical or cultural traits |
| Prejudice | Rigid and unfair generalization on an entire category of people (an idea) |
| Stereotype | oversimplified ideas about groups of people (results because of a prejudice) |
| Racism | a set of beliefs about the superiority of one racial or ethnic group |
| Discrimination | Any act that treats people unequaly or unfairly because of their group members |
| Individual | Harmful action directed intentionally on a one-to-one basis by a member |
| Institutional | Minority group members experience unequal treatment and opportunities as a result of everyday operations of a society's laws, rules, practices, polices, and customs (minority population can be victims to these policies) |
| Social distance | a method used to determine the feelings one group has twords another |
| Structural-Functionalism | Race promotes a functional society. Much better suited at expaining how racism begins. Has to function in society |
| Conflict theory | Early labor needs necessitated racist ideology and group think |
| Symbolic interactions view of race | Prejudice is formed through interactions between minority and dominant groups (Contact Hypothesis and selective perception) |
| Contact hypothesis | The closer we are socialy to members of a minority the less likely we are to be prejudiced against them |
| Selective perception | purposeful depiction of race to stress negatives and erase positives |
| Typology of prejudice and discrimination | All weather liberal, fair-weather liberal, timid goat, and active bigot |
| All weather liberal | unprejudiced person notices discrimination and takes action to correct it |
| fair-weather liberal | unprejudiced person moves out of neighborhood when someone from anothe racail and ethnic group moves in, not because he or she is prejuciced but because he or she housing values drop |
| timid goat | prejudiced person is afraid to discriminate because he or sh efears sanctions |
| active bigot | prejudiced person who acts accordingly |
| Scapegoat theory | Dominat group will displace unfocused aggression onto a subordinate group |
| Segregation | The psychical and social separation of groups (voluntary and involuntary) |
| Voluntary | you segregate yourself |
| Involuntary | Segregated against their will |
| Genocide | Deliberate annihilation of a targeted group |
| Assimilation | Process by which individual or group gives up its own identity by taking on the characteristics of the dominant culture |
| Racial assimilation | Process by which racial minority groups are absorbed into the dominate group through intermarriage |
| Miscegenation | biological reproduction by partners of different racial categories |
| Absorption assimilation | Members of a minority group adapts to the ways of the dominant group and strive to meet the standards set by this group and lose all unique identifiers (minority abandons it culture and enters into the majority group) |
| Melting pot Assimilation | group accept new behaviors and cultural patterns from another group |
| Life chances | changes will vary based on your race and connection to prejudiced, discrimination, and segregation |
| Theories as to why African Americans have lower rates of marriage than whites | economic independance (AA women work) and marriage pool (Poor life style) |
| Access | access to health care based on race, Physician placement and health insurance coverage alter ablity to visit quality physicians |
| General trends of life expectancy | Average life expectancy for the US is 78.7 years |
| infant mortality for races | 6.05 deaths per 1,000 live births |
| Latino paradox | Latino populations exhibit the health treads of non Hispanic white families while demonstrating the SES levels of African AMericans |
| Plessy v. Ferguson | 1896 allowed for stated based segregation law (wanted to challenge segregation) |
| Brown v. Board of Education | 1954 got rid of stated based segregation law |
| Sex | Physical or physiological differences between males and females (biological) |
| Gender | Social or cultural distinctions associated with being males and female (socially created) |
| Intersexed | Having a mixture of male and female sex characteristics |
| Biological differences between genders | Males 10% taller, 20% heavier, and 30% stronger. Women tend to live langer, strength and weight vary over time |
| Biological and their social outcomes | Women denied vote because of assumed biological inferiority. Women denied certain occupations because of assumed innate emotional differences |
| Essentialism | Gender is immutable and biological (Commonly found in biology and sociobiology and human sexual dismorphism (believes that anatomy defines male and females) |
| Constructionist approach to gender | Gender is a social construction |
| Matriarchy | social organization in which demales dominate males |
| Patriarchy | Social organization in which the males dominate females |
| Sexism | prejuduced belifes that values One sex over the otherS |
| Why would patriarchy continue on? | Gender role socialization |
| Gender role socialization | Subtle, but pervasive process of becoming masculine or feminine |
| Family | socialization starts before birth |
| Schooling | Gender shapes our beliefs about our abilities (classes are gendered by 5th grade, teachers tend to favor boys, and girls encouraged to develop socially and to put together success on the backburner) |
| Mass Media | has been a very powerful tool in reifying and altering gender roles over time |
| Beauty myth | mass media propagates unnatural and unattainable ideals about how the human body should look |
| Pro-Ana | Anorexia is now viwed by many girls and women as a “life style and not an eating disorder” |
| Thinspiration | The use of pictures and other portrayals of unnaturally skinny people as motivation |
| Men and the beauty myth | have been traditionally been safe from media portrayals of unattainable body types (this changes and we see a rise in men body disorders) |
| Bigorexia | An unoffical disorder in which men see thier body as not strong or musculed enough no matter what the reality is |
| Structural Functionalism | Progression of technology necessitates a differing role of women in society |
| Complementary groups | Gender integrates society by providing complementary traits in each sex (one group complemented another to equal labor, Instrumental qualities, and expressive qualities) |
| Instrumental qualities | those qualities traditionally associated with being male |
| Expressive qualities | those qualities traditionally associated with being female |
| Socialization | 1) Boys are socialized in instrumental roles 2) Girls socialized into expressive roles |
| Reasons for gender roles | helps us to function as a society and to organize tasks |
| Social Conflict | Gender expectations not designed to integrate society but to maintain patriarchal slant of society |
| Capitalisms role in gender | Makes male domination better, Capitalism creates and reifies wealthy making those with wealth more powerful, turn groups and primary women into consumers, capitalism required that women would stay at home and fulfill familial duties while men work |
| Interactionist perspective | Gender identity allows us to interact with one easily (Transgender and transsexual) |
| Transgender | Sense of self and identity maybe different from biological sex |
| Transexual | Individuals who identify with the opposite sex and modify body to meet the aesthetic standard |
| Family and gender | men and women exhibit differing marriage patterns |
| Who is more likely to retain custody of child after divorce? | Women |
| Why would a man get custody of a child before his wife? | if the women cannot provide the gendered ideology of a mother for her kid |
| Wage gap | maybe shrinking, but tyoe of work is still strongly gendered |
| Pink collar jobs | administrative, support work, food service, child care, and health care |
| 3 reasons for wage disparity | Tyoes of work, Family requirements, and discrimination |
| Glass escalator | The tendencies for men to be promoted into positions of power in primarily female disciplines |
| Second shift | After work for pay individuals must do a “second shift” of unpaid labor around the houspe |
| Inside/Outside | Men and women usually do different types of household labor (Men outside and women inside) |
| Men’s reaction to women asking for more equitable working conditions | men would either willingly take on the work, men do the work but grudgingly, men will do the job once and never again, and men will just say no |
| Techniques used by men to get out of housework | Doing the task badly and preform the task for only a short period of time |
| Gender has effect on what | Family, schooling, and mass media |
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