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Pharm Exam 2
| What is the precursor of serotonin? | Tryptophan |
| What is the rate-limiting enzyme in serotonin synthesis? | Tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) |
| Which enzyme converts 5-hydroxytryptophan to serotonin? | Aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) |
| Where is serotonin stored before release? | Vesicles via VMAT2 |
| What enzyme breaks down serotonin? | Monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) |
| What is serotonin’s primary reuptake transporter? | SERT |
| Where are serotonin neurons primarily located? | Raphe nuclei |
| What metabolite is used as a marker for serotonin activity? | 5-HIAA |
| Which serotonin receptor subtype is ionotropic? | 5-HT3 |
| Which serotonin receptor mediates hallucinations? | 5-HT2A |
| Which serotonin receptor subtype is targeted by triptans for migraine treatment? | 5-HT1B/1D |
| Which serotonin receptor subtype is associated with anxiety regulation? | 5-HT1A |
| What drug is a 5-HT1A partial agonist? | Buspirone |
| What drug class increases serotonin by blocking reuptake? | SSRIs |
| Which drug depletes serotonin from vesicles? | Reserpine |
| What enzyme synthesizes acetylcholine? | Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) |
| What enzyme degrades acetylcholine? | Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) |
| What transporter moves acetylcholine into vesicles? | VAChT |
| What toxin causes massive ACh release? | Black Widow spider venom (α-latrotoxin) |
| What toxin prevents ACh release? | Botulinum toxin |
| What type of receptor is the nicotinic ACh receptor? | Ionotropic ligand-gated cation channel |
| What type of receptor is the muscarinic ACh receptor? | Metabotropic G-protein coupled receptor |
| Which muscarinic receptor subtype slows heart rate? | M2 |
| Which muscarinic receptor subtype increases gland secretion? | M3 |
| What reversible AChE inhibitor improves memory in Alzheimer’s disease? | Donepezil or Physostigmine |
| What irreversible AChE inhibitor causes toxicity? | Organophosphates |
| What is the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain? | Glutamate |
| What enzyme synthesizes glutamate from glutamine? | Glutaminase |
| Which transporters remove glutamate from the synapse? | EAATs (Excitatory Amino Acid Transporters) |
| Which cell type helps recycle glutamate to glutamine? | Glial astrocytes |
| What receptors mediate fast excitatory transmission? | AMPA and NMDA receptors |
| What ion is critical for NMDA receptor activation? | Ca2+ |
| What co-agonist is required for NMDA receptor activation? | Glycine |
| What condition must be met for NMDA channel opening? | Depolarization |
| Which drug blocks NMDA receptors non-competitively? | Ketamine or PCP |
| What enzyme converts glutamate to GABA? | Glutamic acid decarboxylase |
| What cofactor is required for GAD activity? | Vitamin B6 (pyridoxal phosphate) |
| What enzyme degrades GABA? | GABA transaminase (GABA-T) |
| Which transporters remove GABA from the synapse? | GABA transporters (GATs) |
| What ion enters through GABA-A receptor channels? | Chloride (Cl-) |
| Which GABA receptor subtype is metabotropic? | GABA-B |
| What drug is a GABA-B agonist? | Baclofen |
| Name two drug classes that enhance GABA-A receptor function. | Benzodiazepines and Barbiturates |
| What balance maintains brain excitability? | Glutamate–GABA equilibrium |
| What are the three stages of the addiction cycle? | Binge/Intoxication, Withdrawal/Negative Affect, Preoccupation/Anticipation |
| Which neurotransmitter is central to the reward pathway? | Dopamine |
| Which brain region sends dopamine to the nucleus accumbens? | Ventral tegmental area (VTA) |
| What pathway is known as the mesolimbic dopamine pathway? | VTA → Nucleus accumbens |
| What process describes increased “wanting” without increased “liking”? | Incentive sensitization |
| Which act created the DEA and the drug scheduling system? | Controlled Substances Act (1970) |
| Which schedule contains drugs with no accepted medical use? | Schedule I |
| Which schedule includes drugs like morphine and cocaine? | Schedule II |
| What enzyme metabolizes alcohol to acetaldehyde? | Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) |
| What enzyme converts acetaldehyde to acetate? | Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) |
| What drug blocks ALDH to produce aversive effects? | Disulfiram (Antabuse) |
| Which neurotransmitter receptor does alcohol enhance? | GABA-A |
| Which neurotransmitter receptor does alcohol inhibit? | NMDA glutamate receptor |
| What molecule builds up if ALDH is inhibited? | Acetaldehyde |
| What is the main excitatory effect of alcohol on dopamine? | Indirect activation of VTA neurons → dopamine release in nucleus accumbens |
| What are common alcohol withdrawal symptoms? | Tremors, anxiety, seizures, delirium tremens |
| Which medication reduces alcohol craving via opioid receptor blockade? | Naltrexone |
| Which class of drug treats alcohol withdrawal? | Benzodiazepines |
| Which opioid receptor mediates euphoria and respiratory depression? | Mu (μ) |
| Which receptor causes dysphoria when activated? | Kappa (κ) |
| Which receptor modulates mood and reinforcement? | Delta (δ) |
| What are the three endogenous opioid peptides? | Endorphins, Enkephalins, Dynorphins |
| Which opioid antagonist reverses overdose? | Naloxone (Narcan) |
| What long-acting mu agonist is used for opioid maintenance? | Methadone |
| What partial mu agonist is used for safer maintenance therapy? | Buprenorphine |
| What drug blocks opioid effects to prevent relapse? | Naltrexone |
| Which stimulant blocks DAT, NET, and SERT? | Cocaine |
| Which stimulant causes monoamine release by reversing transporters? | Amphetamine |
| Which stimulant causes the longest-lasting effects? | Methamphetamine |
| Which neurotransmitter is primarily responsible for stimulant euphoria? | Dopamine |
| Which therapeutic stimulant is used for ADHD? | Methylphenidate (Ritalin) |
| What are two medical uses for amphetamines? | ADHD and Narcolepsy |
| What toxic effect is associated with chronic cocaine use? | Cardiac arrhythmias and seizures |
| What toxic effect is associated with chronic methamphetamine use? | Dopaminergic neurotoxicity |
| What type of dependence do stimulants primarily cause? | Psychological dependence |
Created by:
emilycawley