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Bio-104 Exam #3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Describe Stanley Miller’s experiment (1953). | Stanley Miller tried to prove that organic molecules (matter) can be synthesized from inorganic matter. He did this by simulating the inorganic conditions of an “early earth” and seeing if organic molecules could be made from it. |
| What did Miller find in his experiment? | He found various important organic molecules including glucose (sugar), ribose (sugar), adenine (DNA and RNA base pair), and different amino acids. |
| Discuss the main significance of Miller's findings. | This is significant because by creating some of the necessary biological molecules for a living organism, he proved that it may be possible for life to have developed on earth from only inorganic matter. |
| What property(ies) of RNA might have been important in the origin of living things? | (1) Some molecules can self replicate // (2) Some can promote other reactions (like enzymes do) // (3) “RNA world” hypothesis - earliest life forms were composed of RNA which supports the idea that RNA was the first ever genetic material |
| What property(ies) of phospholipids might have been important in the origin of living things? | Phospholipids have two main regions: Polar head (phosphate group) and Nonpolar tail (fatty acid chain). This all forms a phospholipid bilayer which is essentially a membrane: Living organisms all have membrane structures and They are semi permeable. |
| Explain why the phrase “descent with modification” so effectively captures the essence of what evolution is. | “Descent with modification” captures the essence of evolution because it hits two main components of it... |
| 1st main component of the essence of evolution | (1) Evolution occurs after long periods of time (generations) at the population level. |
| 2nd main component of the essence of evolution | (2) For evolution to occur, you need to have some sort of modification to the species in question. |
| Explain why the theory of evolution is considered the “unifying theory of biology.” That is, explain what makes it a theory, and what it attempts to “unify.” (part 1) | Evolution is the “unifying theory of biology” because it is the framework within which biologists ask questions about the living world. Evolution is a theory because it has repeated support and validation across many various scientific studies. |
| Explain why the theory of evolution is considered the “unifying theory of biology.” That is, explain what makes it a theory, and what it attempts to “unify.” (part 2) | Evolution in this way, “unites” all of the results that biologists were getting from different studies. Evolution also “unites” all life forms because it proposes that all life evolved from a single common ancestor. All questions in bio are done this way. |
| Explain the 1st different line of evidence that support the theory of evolution. | (1) Fossil Evidence - you can see that fossil structures change over long periods of time, even for fossils of the same species |
| Explain the 2nd different line of evidence that support the theory of evolution. | (2) Homology - covers common ancestry; homology is the similarities in physical characteristics that link organisms together over large timespans (ex. similar bone structures) |
| Explain the 3rd different line of evidence that support the theory of evolution. | (3) Molecular Evidence - Specifically endosymbiosis which is a specific type of symbiosis in which one organism engulfs another (ex. algae cell engulfs a chloroplast) |
| Propose the 1st real scenario (real or hypothetical) in which knowledge about evolution might be useful to society. | (1) Knowing that species evolve over time is important to remember when doing work in conservation biology or ecological settings (ex. native species beginning to realize that spotted lanternflies are a good food source) |
| Propose the 2nd real scenario (real or hypothetical) in which knowledge about evolution might be useful to society. | (2) Curing infectious disease often requires looking at the pathogen in an evolutionary context |
| Propose the 3rd real scenario (real or hypothetical) in which knowledge about evolution might be useful to society. | (3) Knowledge of evolution helps us create better strategies for artificial selection (breeding) of crops and livestock |
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