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AP Psych SEN/PER
AP Psych SENSATION/PERCEPTION
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Synesthesia | to "perceive together" when two senses are sensed at the same time. (blending senses) ex. tasting color |
| Transduction (Translation) | converting energy into a form our brain can use (stimulus energy to electrochemical energy) |
| Perception (interpretation) | Process by which we select, organize, and interpret sensory info (continuous, enables recognition of meaningful events) |
| Absolute Threshold | smallest level of stimulus that can be detected 50% of the time (point something becomes noticeable, bare minimum you can detect) |
| Difference Threshold / JND | Just Noticeable Difference - the amount something must be changed for a difference to be detectable 50% of the time (when can you tell there s a difference) |
| Weber's Law | For a difference to be detected, the change must be a constant percentage of the original, not a constant amount |
| Subliminal Sensation | When stimulus are below one's absolute Threshold for conscious awareness |
| Sensory Adaptation | Reduction in sensitivity to a stimulus after constant exposure to it, outside CNS, can't recapture initial feeling, microsaccades |
| Habituation | Decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation, occurs inside CNS, CAN get initial feeling back (hearing) |
| Brightness | determined by amplitude of wave (high = brighter, low = dim) |
| Color | HUE, determined by length of wave (long = red, short = blue) |
| Long Length of Wave | red color, low frequency, low pitched sound |
| Short length of wave | blue color, high frequency, high pitched sound |
| Amplitude | brightness, sound waves is volume/loudness |
| microsaccades | eyes moving so that sensory Adaptation happens and vision doesn't disappear |
| Accommodation | lens changing shape to focus (as you age, lens can harden, making it hard to change shape) |
| Sensory Interaction | the principle that the different senses influence each other |
| Retina | the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye that contains photoreceptor cells (rods and cones) that convert light into neural signals |
| Blind Spot | no rods/cones, no photoreceptors, it's where the optic nerve leaves the eye |
| Visual Nerve | optic nerve, a bundle of millions of nerve fibers that transmits visual information from the retina to the brain for processing |
| Lens | converging lens, bending light rays to form an image on the retina |
| Nearsightedness | close objects appear clear, far objects are blurry |
| Farsightedness | distant objects are seen more clearly than close |
| photoreceptors | specialized cells in the retina that convert light into electrical signals, enabling vision (rods and cones) |
| rods | helps with peripheral vision, detects black/white and MOVEMENT |
| cones | color |
| Trichromatic theory | IN EYE - there are 3 receptors in retina responsible for perception of colors (green,blue,red, combine to make all possible colors of light waves) |
| Opponent-process theory | IN THALAMUS - cells can only detect one color (Red-Green, Blue-Yellow Black-White) at a time |
| Fovea | a small depression in the retina that contains the highest concentration of cone cells, making it responsible for your sharpest and most detailed central vision |
| Afterimages | a visual sensation that persists after the original stimulus is removed, caused by continued activity in the visual system (seeing light after image goes away) |
| Ganglion cells | neurons in the retina that receive visual information from bipolar cells and transmit it to the brain via the optic nerve |
| dichromatism | deficiency in one cone (ex. red/green) |
| monochromatism | can only see black/white |
| Prosopagnosia | Unable to recognize faces |
| blindsight | damage in visual cortex, respond to visual stimulus without consciously perceiving |
| place theory | brain determines the pitch of a sound based on the specific location along the basilar membrane in the cochlea that vibrates most |
| volley theory | groups of neurons fire in rapid, alternating succession, creating a combined neural "volley" that can encode and send a high-frequency pitch to the brain |
| frequency theory | perception of pitch is based on the rate at which the hair cells in the cochlea fire neural impulses. frequency of the sound wave corresponds to the frequency of the neural impulses sent to the brain ( higher =faster firing rate) |
| sound localization | the ability to identify the direction of a sound source, processed by the brain using cues like the slight time and intensity differences between the two ears |
| conduction deafness | blocks sound waves from reaching the cochlea |
| Sensorineural deafness | Impairs the transmission and processing of sound signals to the brain, often resulting in difficulty understanding speech and a reduced ability to hear certain frequencies |
| Olfactory system | the sensory system responsible for the sense of smell, involving a network of receptors in the nose, the olfactory bulb in the brain, and neural pathways that process and interpret odors |
| gate Control theory | spinal cord contains a “gate” that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain. It's is opened by the activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers and closed by activity in larger fibers/info coming from the brain. |
| Vestibular sense | balance sense; our sense of body movement and position that enables our sense of balance. It monitors your head and body’s position and movement. It is very fast. |
| Kinesthesis sense | movement sense — our system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts. It keeps you aware of your body' s positions and movements. |
| bottom up processing | perception is built from the individual sensory details that are detected and sent to the brain |
| top down processing | the brain uses prior knowledge, expectations, and context to interpret sensory information |
| schema | a mental framework or concept that helps organize and interpret information about the world |
| perceptual set | a mental predisposition to perceive something in a certain way due to expectations, experiences, motivation, or context. Your mind is set to interpret sensory information based on prior knowledge and current conditions |
| Gestalt psychology | that the whole of anything is greater than its parts |
| closure | the brain completes incomplete images |
| figure and ground | we distinguish a focal object (the figure) from its surroundings (the ground) |
| proximity | we perceive things that are close together as part of a group |
| similarity | individuals group together things that share common characteristics, such as shape, color, size |
| selective attention | the ability to focus on one specific stimulus while ignoring other competing stimuli |
| change blindness | when you fail to notice a change in your environment because your attention is focused elsewhere |
| binocular depth cues | depth cues that require both eyes |
| retinal disparity | binocular clue, each of your eyes captures a different image and processes the differences to calculate depth |
| monocular depth cues | depth clues that can be perceived with one eye. |
| Interposition | if an object partially obstructs another, we perceive the object being blocked as farther away |
| Perceptual Constancies | the tendency to perceive objects as stable and unchanging—in terms of size, shape, lightness, and color—even as sensory input changes |
| What are the four basic Touch Sensations? | Pressure, warmth, cold, pain |
| How do we sense touch? | Tactile stimulation, specialized sensory receptors that convert physical stimuli into neural signals |
| What influences our perception of pain? (Biological) | Activity in spinal cord’s large and small fibers, genetic differences in endorphins production, the brain’s interpretation of CNS activity |
| What influences our perception of pain? (Socio Cultural) | Presence of others, empathy for others’ pain, cultural experiences |
| What influences our perception of pain? (Psychological) | Attention to pain, learning based on experiences, expectations |
Created by:
elladunmire