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RAD Bio
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| two sources of ionizing radiation | natural and manmade- dental and medical |
| 4 conditions to generate an x ray | vacuum-glass envelope- Pyrex/tungsten source of electrons-cathode/filaments way to accelerate the electrons- voltage way to stop the electrons- target/anode |
| thermionic emission | the source of electrons from the filament which creates heat and electron cloud. creates a surplus of e- at cathode and a deficit at the anode |
| potential difference is measured in | kVp. the e- difference between cathode and anode |
| the energy of the beam is measured in | keV- kiloelectron volts |
| x ray beam is -- and--- | polyenergetic and heterogenous |
| Coherent scattering is also called | classical or Thompson |
| Thompson scattering | nonionizing! -the Xray hits the atom and bounces off. no energy loss (coherent) |
| What form of scatter does not transfer energy to matter or the patient? | Thompson/classical/coherent |
| the photoelectric effect is aka | absorption |
| which form of ionization contributes the most to pt exposure | photoelectric effect/absorption |
| the photoelectric effect | the Xray ionization which forms the diagnostic image. - the photon interacts with the innermost electron shell. It kicks off one e-, triggering the cascade effect. Energy i created from the cascade effect |
| cascade effect | occurs in the photoelectric effect. energy is created when the photon kicks out an inner shell e-, outer e- move from shell to shell to fill the space. |
| what is the result of the photoelectric effect | secondary radiation and an ion pair(from the e- getting kicked out) |
| which ionization form is characteristic radiation | the photoelectric effect- absorption |
| the innermost e- shell is labeled the ___ shell | K order goes K,L,M,N |
| Compton scattering | lower energy than photoelectric effect, more energy than classical scattering. - photon hits outer shell and kicks off an e- (recoil e-) -photon loses energy but changes direction and keeps going -the empty e- spot is filled almost instantly |
| recoil electron | the free e- emitted from Compton scattering |
| what is the result of Compton scattering | photon with decreased energy, a recoil e-, and an ion pair. |
| which form of x ray interaction causes tech dose? | Compton scattering |
| exposure is measured in (not absorbed, in the air) -air kerma | c/kg |
| Absorbed dose is measured in | Grays |
| Dose equivalent is measured in | sieverts |
| effective dose (occupational dose is measured in | sieverts, mSv |
| Radioactivity measured in | measured in Becquerel |
| beam divergence | the beam is stronger on the inside than the outside |
| formula for cumulative whole-body dose | 10msv x age |
| Diagnostic yield vs diagnostic efficacy | yield= is this the right modality for the image efficacy= the accuracy of the image. Image good? |
| what cells are more radiosensitive | sex cells and immature cells |
| 3 ways we monitor tech dose | 1. OSL- optically stimulated luminescence- OSL 2. thermoluminescent dosimeter- TLD 3. pocket dosimeter |
| where are dosimeters worn | normally worn collar level outside the apron. pregnant ppl wear an extra at waist level inside the apron. |
| ALARA | as low as reasonably achievable |
| 3 cardinal rules for protection | time distance shielding |
| what type of radiation creates the image | remnant |
| annual occupational dose max general public dose | 50msv 1/10th the tech dose |
| fetal dose max | 0.5msv/monthly |
| LAT- linear energy transfer | dose response curve |
| According to the law of Bergonie and Tribondeau, the characteristics that determine the sensitivity of a cell to radiation are | c. mitotic activity and structure and function of the cell |
| Lead absorbs x-rays through the process of __________. | photoelectric effect |
| The three forms of *natural ionizing radiation | cosmic (sun), radon, and uranium |
| T/F: diagnostic x-rays account for the highest radiation dose | true |
| T/F: collimation increased the focus of the beam | false |
| what 3 things does collimation do | increases image quality decreases scatter decrease patient dose |
| do we use photodisintegration | no. not used for diagnostic radiology. It uses alpha, beta, and gamma rays. |
| In the photoelectric effect, the incoming x-ray is ________ by the collision with the inner shell electron. | completely absorbed |
| when radiation interacts with matter and changes direction it is called | scatter radiation |
| primary function of National council on Radiation protection and measurements (NCRPM) | provide information and recommendations about radiation measurements and protection |
| pregnancy dose limits | 0.5 mSv per month and 5mSv for entire pregnancy |
| sensitivity to radiation in humans is greatest during the ____ stage | emryonic |
| law of Bergonie and Thibodeau 1906 | cells that divide rapidly have the greatest sensitivity |
| ___ cells (gonads and eye lens) are the most sensitive to radiation while ____ cells are the least sensitive | lymphocytes; nerve |
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