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sociology ch. 13
vocab
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Race | presumed biological differences between humans to which people attach meaning resulting in the creation of supposed genetically distinct subgroups within the population |
| Ethnicity | presumed cultural differences between humans to which people attach meaning resulting in the creation of supposed socially distinct subgroups within the population |
| One-drop rule | the principle that, if a person had even one Black African ancestor, no matter how many generations back, the person was labeled as Black—even if they appeared to be White |
| Passing | when people whose genetic ancestry and family history convey membership in one racial category but who are perceived to belong to another race in the eyes of others |
| Contact hypothesis | the theory that interaction with people unlike ourselves decreases negative attitudes we may have about them |
| Affirmative action | positive efforts to recruit minority group members or women for jobs, promotions, and educational opportunities |
| Racial formation | a sociohistorical process in which racial categories are created, inhabited, transformed, and destroyed |
| Prejudice | a preconceived and unjustified judgment of individuals based on their group membership |
| Stereotype | an unreliable generalization about all members of a group that does not recognize individual differences within the group |
| Implicit bias | the automatic and unconscious association of value with particular groups, subgroups, or characteristics of people |
| Microaggressions | consciously or unconsciously held assumptions, stereotypes, and beliefs that impact our speech, behavior, or actions toward members of an out- group |
| Discrimination | the practice of denying equal access to opportunities and resources on the basis of group membership rather than merits or rights |
| Institutional discrimination | the systematic denial of rights and opportunities to marginalized groups as part of society’s normal operations |
| Racism | the combination of cultural beliefs regarding inherent racial superiority and inferiority with normative practices of advantage or disadvantage which get built into a structure that reproduces patterns of unequal outcomes |
| Color-blind racism | when race-neutral principles perpetuate a racially unequal status quo |
| Hate crime | a criminal offense committed because of the offender’s bias against an individual based on race, religion, ethnicity, national origin, or sexual orientation |
| Racial profiling | any arbitrary action based on race, ethnicity, or national origin rather than on a person’s behavior |
| Minority group | a subordinate group whose members, even if they represent a numeric majority, lack access to, and control over, valued resources |
| Genocide | systematic killing of an entire people or nation |
| Expulsion | systematic removal of a group of people from society |
| Segregation | physical separation of two groups of people in terms of residence, workplace, and social events |
| Assimilation | a person forsakes their own cultural tradition to become part of a different culture |
| Amalgamation | a majority group and a minority group combine to form a new group |
| Pluralism | mutual respect for one another’s cultures among the various groups, which allows minorities to express their own cultures without experiencing prejudice |
| Symbolic ethnicity | emphasizes pride, not as a core part of their identity, but as an emblematic marker of their ethnic heritage |
| Anti-Semitism | a form of racism directed toward Jewish people, has resulted in horrific acts of persecution and discrimination |
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