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AP BIO 12
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Mitosis | Cell division |
| Genome | Part of cell with DNA |
| Why are there sets of each chromosome? | Because one chromosome has mom’s DNA and the other has dad’s |
| Alleles | Different forms of genes |
| Homologous chromosomes | Set of chromosomes that code the same genes |
| Mitotic phase stages | Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telephase |
| Interphase stages | G1 phase, S phase, S2 phase |
| How do chromosomes move to opposite sides of cells? | The microtubule connected to kinetochore and motor proteins within it walk along the tube |
| Centrosomes | Microtubules and centrioles |
| G1 phase | One centriole, 46 chromosomes |
| S phase | DNA replicates, 92 chromosome |
| G2 phase | Centriole replicates |
| Prophase | Sister chromatids condense, microtubules appear from centrioles, nucleus begins to break down |
| Prometaphase | Nuclear envelope disappears, microtubules grab each chromatid pulling it to the cell’s equator |
| Metaphase | Sister chromosomes along the equator, under tension because of the microtubules |
| Anaphase | Chromosomes are pulled to different sides of cell via motor proteins in their kinetochore |
| Telophase | 46 chromosomes and one centriole on different poles of the cell, nuclear envelope begins to reform |
| How is cell division used in weight gain | When people gain more energy from more food more fat cells are needed to hold it, fat cells can only grow so much before they send a signals to grow more |
| MPF | (Maturation Promoting Factor or M-Phase Promoting Factor) This is the historic name for the specific cyclin-CDK complex that triggers the cell's entry into mitosis (M phase). |
| Cytokinesis | by physically dividing the parent cell's cytoplasm after the nucleus has already been duplicated and separated during mitosis |
| Mitotic spindle fibers | protein structures made of microtubules that pull chromosomes apart during cell division (mitosis) to ensure each new daughter cell receives an identical set of chromosomes |
| How is cyclin related to this | In response to extracellular signals, cyclins are produced to bind with CDKs |
| How are CDKs and cyclin related | CDKs are always present in the cell, but they are inactive unless they are bound to a special partner protein called a cyclin |
| Cyclins | A regulatory protein that controls the activity of CDKs. Its concentration in the cell rises and falls predictably throughout the cell cycle. |
| MPF = | CDK+cyclin |
| What do CDKs do | They phosphorylate (add phosphate groups to) specific proteins, which triggers various events that drive cell division. |
| Peaks and falls of cyclin: | G₁ Cyclins: Peak in G₁, then fall. S Cyclins: Rise in late G₁, peak in S, then fall. M Cyclins (Cyclin B): Rise through S and G₂, peak in metaphase, and then drop precipitously due to APC/C in anaphase. |
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P30NN