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Stack #4559621
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Plants and other photosynthetic organisms contain organelles called | chloroplasts |
| Autotrophs | self feeders, almost all of them are plants |
| Plants, algae and a group of bacteria called cyanobacteria are the only organisms capable of performing | photosynthesis |
| Heterotrophs | other eaters, eats from other organisms like plants or other animals. |
| Chloroplasts are structurally similar to and likely evolved from | photosynthetic bacteria |
| Chloroplasts are found mainly in cells of the | mesophyll, |
| Each mesophyll cell contains | 30– 40 chloroplasts |
| A chloroplast has an envelope of two membranes surrounding a dense fluid called the | stroma |
| The thylakoid membrane encloses am internal space called the | thylakoid lumen |
| Chloroplasts split H2O into | hydrogen and oxygen |
| Photosynthesis reverses the direction of | electron flow |
| Photosynthesis is a redox process in which | H2O is oxidized and CO2 is reduced |
| Photosynthesis is an | endergonic process |
| the Calvin cycle is what part | synthesis |
| light reactions take place in the | thylakoids |
| the Calvin cycle takes place in the | stroma |
| The electromagnetic spectrum is the entire range of | electromagnetic energy, or radiation |
| Pigments are substances that absorb | visible light |
| Wavelengths that are not absorbed are | reflected or transmitted |
| A spectrophotometer measures | a pigment’s ability to absorb various wavelengths |
| the key light-capturing pigment | chlorophyll a |
| an accessory pigment | chlorophyll b |
| a separate group of accessory pigments | Carotenoids |
| Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and β-carotene hydrophobic organic pigments found in the | thylakoid membrane |
| The absorption spectrum of chlorophyll a suggests that violet-blue and red light | works best for photosynthesis |
| An action spectrum profiles the relative effectiveness of | different wavelengths of radiation |
| Accessory pigments called carotenoids may | broaden the spectrum of colors for photosynthesis |
| When a pigment absorbs light, it goes from a ground state to an excited state, which is | unstable |
| When excited electrons fall back to the ground state, | excess energy is released as heat |
| A photosystem consists of a reaction-center complex surrounded by | light harvesting complexes |
| Light-harvesting complexes transfer the energy of photons to | chlorophyll a molecules in the reaction-center complex |
| A primary electron acceptor in the reaction center accepts | excited electrons and is reduced as a result |
| Solar-powered transfer of an electron from a chlorophyll a molecule to the primary electron acceptor is the | first step in the light reactions |
| Photosystem I (PS I) is best at | absorbing a wavelength of 700 nm |
| The reaction-center chlorophyll a of PSII is called P680 because it is best at absorbing a wavelength | of 680 nm |
| Linear electron flow is the | primary pathway and involves both photosystems and produces ATP and NADPH |
| the Calvin cycle converts carbon dioxide to | glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, which can be used to make glucose |
| Cyclic electron flow uses only photosystem I and.. | and produces ATP, but not NADPH ▪ No oxygen is released |
| the calvin cycle is | anabolic |
| The Calvin cycle uses the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH to reduce | CO2 to sugar |
| Plants store excess sugar as | starch in the cloroplast |
| what does the electrical gradient do? | it makes ATP during photosynthesis |
| where is the electrical gradient | inside the thylakoid lumen |
| how is the electrical gradient used in photosynthesis | buildup of H+ creates massive potential energy. The H+ ions can only escape the lumen by flowing down their gradient (back into the stroma) through a special protein channel called ATP synthase |
| How many molecules of carbon dioxide will be fixed per one turn of the Calvin cycle? | one molecule of CO2 |
| what happens if light dependent reactions are blocked? | ATP and NADPH stops |
| what happens if the Calvin cycle is blocked? | CO2 fixation stops, which no longer uses ATP or NADPH |
| Prophase | Chromosomes condense and become visible as distinct threads. The nuclear envelope (the membrane around the nucleus) begins to break down. |
| metaphase | The condensed chromosomes line up single-file along the center of the cell. |
| anaphase | chromosomes activley being pulled apart |
| telophase | two new clusters of chromosomes at each pole, and new nuclei are forming around them |
| telophase is the | final stage of mitosis |
| cytokinesis is | the division of the cytoplasm |
| prokaryotic cell production is | no nucleus,binary fission, no spindle fibers,single chromsomes |
| eukaryotic cell production is | multiple chromosomes,complex interphase,PMAT divides the nucleus, the cell cycle |
| what is interphase? | living and preparing phase |
| what is g1 phase? | where most cells spend their time |
| S phase | DNA is replicated |
| G2 phase | cell grows and makes proteins and organells needed for division |
| M phase is | the divison phase |
| what is the g1 checkpoint | Purpose: To decide if the cell should divide, delay, or enter the G₀ resting state |
| what is the g2 check point | To prevent the cell from entering mitosis with damaged or incomplete DNA |
| what is the M phase checkpoint | To ensure that the sister chromatids separate correctly, guaranteeing each daughter cell gets a complete set. |
| Describe the role of cyclin-CDK complexes (MPF) in the cell cycle. | This active complex—MPF (Maturation-Promoting Factor)—acts as a "go-ahead" signal. It phosphorylates (adds a phosphate to) other proteins, triggering the events of prophase and pushing the cell into mitosis. |
| chromatin | messy spaggetti like state, interphase |
| chromosome | the condenced state that forms during M phase |
| chromatid | One of two identical copies of a replicated chromosome |
| What are proto-oncogenes, oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes? | Pro-good genes On-mutated pro,divides constantly Tumor-stop codons |
| Explain how the entire human genome can fit inside the nucleus | The entire human genome (about 2 meters of DNA) fits inside a nucleus (about 5 micrometers) through an incredible system of supercoiling |
Created by:
ecoesfeldd