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12 - BB SC Lrning
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Learning | Enduring change in potential to engage in Behaviour Resulting from experience w Relevant Environmental Events |
| From Behaviourism to Cognitive views | John Watson, BF Skinner BEHAVIOURISM |
| BEHAVIOURISM WATSON, SKINNER | Focus on OBSERVABLE BEHAVIOUR NOT Mental states |
| WATSON | Claimed Behaviour ENTIRELY SHAPED BY ENVIRONMENT |
| SKINNER | Studied Operant Conditioning SKINNER BOX Mapped Effects of Reinforcement Schedules on Learning |
| Operant Conditioning | REINFORCEMENT SCHEDULES |
| BEHAVIOURIST ASSUMPTION WATSON & SKINNER | Learning = Forming S-R Associations Strengthened by Reinforcement |
| TOLMAN | Cognitive MAPS LATENT LEARNING |
| TOLMAN INTRODUCED PURPOSIVE BEHAVIOURISM | BEHAVIOUR IS GOAL DIRECTED GUIDED BY INTERNAL REPRESENTATIONS |
| TOLMAN - LEARNING | REFLECTS UNDERSTANDING of the structure of the environment, not just habit |
| Cognitive MAP | INTERNAL "Mental Map" of the environment |
| Latent Learning | Learning occurs without reinforcement Shown later when a reward is introduced |
| Latent Learning - Tolman & Honzik | Rats learned maze layouts even B4 food rewards Learning does not equal just strengthening S-R Links -> Involves forming S-S relationships and expectancies |
| KOHLER Insight Learning | Learning through Mental Re-Organisation NOT trial and error Aha! Moment |
| Insight | Chimpanzees solved problems by combining tools or stacking boxes |
| Insight Candle problem, Nine dots puzzle | Shows Internal Reasoning Mental Representation NOT Gradual Reinforcement Based Learning |
| LIMITS Behaviourism RISE of Cognitive Science | Behaviourism NOT explain language, reasoning, problem solving |
| Chumsky Criticised Skinner's verbal behaviour | Children learn grammar to quickly and creatively for reinforcement to explain |
| CHUMSKY | Proposed INNATE Cognitive Structures Led to Cognitive Revolution |
| THE COGNITIVE APPROACH | Mind as an Information Processor (Computer Metaphor) |
| GEORGE MILLER | Information Processing = Input -> (Processing) -> Output |
| Working Memory Capacity | 7 +- 2 items |
| HERBERT SIMON | Symbol Manipulation Models (Rules and Representations) |
| RUMELHART and MCCLELLAND | Connectionist Models (NEURAL networks) |
| Connectionist Models R and McC | Learning as distributed activation across NODES No Central "Programmer" - Learning emerges Experience AND Weight Changes |
| Neural Basis of Learning | EPSPs/IPSPs Prediction error LTP (Long Term Potentiation) LTD (Long Term Depression) Hebbian Learning |
| Neural Mechanisms | Parallel Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) in machine learning |
| SOCIAL learning theory | BANDURA |
| SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY KEY QUESTION | CAN LEARNING OCCUR WITHOUT DIRECT REINFORCMENT? YES - OBSERVATION AND IMITATION |
| BANDURA Contribution | SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY Learning Occurs vicariously by watching others |
| Bandura - Social Learning Theory | Bobo Doll Experiment Children observed adults being rewarded, punished or neither for aggression |
| BOBO DOLL Experiment | Results Rewarded Model -> HIGH imitation Punished Model -> LOW imitation No Consequence -> Moderate Imitation |
| When offered rewards later | ALL groups imitated SHOWS LEARNING WITHOUT PERFORMANCE |
| LEARNING | DOES NOT EQUAL PERFORMANCE |
| PEOPLE | Learn Behaviours by observing ONLY perform them when motivated by EXPECTED Rewards |
| 4 COGNITIVE PROCESSES Observational Learning | 1. Attention - Focus on model's behaviour 2. Retention - Remember what was observed 3. Motor Reproduction - Be capable of reproducing the behaviour 4. Motivation - Expect Reinforcement for imitating |
| Social Influence | True Imitation Contagion Observational Conditioning Stimulus Enhancement Social transmission of information |
| True Imitation | Copying neural behaviours exactly Macaques washing potatoes |
| Contagion | Automatic emotional response Yawning, laughing |
| Observational conditioning | Learn emotions via others reactions Child Fear snakes after parent screams |
| Stimulus Enhancement | Attention drawn to object others attend to Looking up when others do |
| Social Transmission of Information | Learning facts or cues from others Learning what food is safe |
| Imitation Theories | Imitation as Operant response Generalised imitation Bandura's view |
| Imitation as operant response | Imitation Reinforced DIRECTLY ONLY -> IMMEDIATE imitation |
| Generalised imitation | Imitation itself REWARDING Does NOT explain Selective imitation NO - Selective Imitation |
| Bandura's View | Imitation -> EXPECTATIONS COGNITIVE Control |
| Learning | Behaviourism Cognitive Learning Connectionism Social Learning |
| Behaviourism | changes during learning - OBSERVABLE S-R Links Watson skinner |
| Cognitive Learning | changes - INTERNAL representations (Cognitive Maps) Tolmen, Kohler, Chomsky |
| Connectionism | changes - STRENGTH neural connections LTP/LTD Rumelhart, McClelland |
| Social Learning | changes - Expectations, Outcomes, Observations Bandura |
| Learning NOT just behavioural conditioning | INTERNAL Cognitive representations Information Process Systems NEURAL ADAPTATION Social Vicarious Mechanisms |
| LEARNING | UPDATING internal models world Experience Thoughts Observation |
Created by:
brendonpizarro1