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SOC 10 LE
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| an explanation of how two 'facts' are related to one another and how they work | theory |
| three major theoretical perspectives in sociology | symbolic interactionism, functionalism, and conflict theory |
| a theoretical framework in which society is viewed as composed of different parts, each with a function, which when fulfilled, contributes to society's equilibrium | functionalism |
| who viewed society as being composed of many parts, each with its own function | emile durkheim |
| both viewed society as a kind of living organism... for it to function smoothly, its parts must work together in harmony | auguste comte and herbert spencer |
| how should we view society according to functionalists | we need to look at both structure and function |
| what is the normal state of society according to functionalists | order and balance |
| what concept is the social equilibrium grounded? | moral consensus. |
| exists when most people in a society share the same values | moral consensus |
| who distinguished between manifest and latent function | Robert K. Merton |
| features that promote social cohesion; beneficial consequences of people's action | function |
| features that damages social cohesion; harmful consequences of people's action | dysfunction |
| intended actions | manifest |
| unintended actions | latent |
| according to henslin, whenever we examine a smaller part of society, we need to look at what | its function and dysfunction to determine how is it related to the larger whole |
| limitations and criticisms of functionalism | (1) downplays social division and conflict between class, gender, etc. (2) downplays creative social action within the society (3) relies on the assumption that society have 'needs' and 'purposes,' |
| a theoretical framework in which society is viewed as composed of groups that are competing for scarce resources | conflict theory |
| the history of all previously existing societies is a history what | class conflict |
| small group of capitalists who own the means of production | bourgeoisie |
| mass of workers who are exploited by the bourgeoisie | proletariat |
| WHO said that conflict often arises among people in close relationship | Lewis Coser |
| according to LEWIS COSER, why does conflict often arise among people in close relationship | these people have already worked out ways to distribute power and privileges, responsibilities and rewards. any change in this arrangement, will lead to conflict |
| theories that addresses gender inequalities | feminism |
| level of analysis of feminist theories | micro and macro level |
| early proponents of symbolic interactionism | george herbert mead and charles horton cooley |
| a theory that posits symbols as the key to understanding how we view the world and communicate with each other | symbolic interactionism |
| things to which we attach meaning | symbols |
| according to symbolic interactionism, what defines our relationship | symbols |
| two elements that are the essence of human relationships | obligations and privileges |
| a framework for building theory that sees society as the product of the everyday interactions of individuals | symbolic interactionism |
| criticism/limitation of symbolic interactionism | ignores the larger issues of power and societal structures and how it constrains individual actions difficulty of being objective narrow |
| what is the levels of analysis of functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionism. | func and CT = macro level Symbolic I. = micro level |
| according to blumer, humans interact with things based on what | meanings ascribed to those things |
| where do meanings come from | our interactions with others and society |
| who developed the dramaturgical analysis | Erving Goffman |
| uses theater as an analogy for social interaction | Dramaturgical analysis |
| according to this, reality is what humans cognitively construct it to be | constructivism |
| three levels of analysis | macro level meso level micro level |
| according to C.W. Mills, what are the three tendencies that have guided sociological thought | TENDENCY I: Toward a Theory of History TENDENCY II: Toward a Systematic Theory of the Nature of Man and Society TENDENCY III: Toward Empirical Studies of Contemporary Social Facts and Problems |
| the common denominator in cultural life | sociological imagination |
| three factors for the emergence of sociology | 1. Industrial Revolution 2. Political Revolution 3. Empire Building |
| wanted sociology to be a 'positive' science | Auguste Comte |
| according to Comte, what are the three stagees in evolution of human thought | • Theological: religious • Metaphysical: philosophical • Positivism: scientific |
| a social darwinist sociologist who believed that we shouldn't reform society, as doing it would damage the 'natural process' | Herbert Spencer |
| two main elements of capitalism according to Marx | Capital and Wage-labour |
| any asset that can be invested | capital |
| the element of capitalism in which a pool of workers who do not own any means of production themselves but must find employment provided by the owners of capita exists | wage-labour |
| scientific study of social groups, whole societies, and the human world | sociology |
| what is the sociological terrain of sociology | everyday life |
| first wisdom of sociology | things are not what they seem |
| a group of people living in a defined territory who share common cultural feature | society |
| enduring patterns formed by relationships among people, groups, and institutions | social structure |
| what is the dual nature of common sense | it guides our daily lives but it relies on things as obvious without questioning them |
| 4 questions that the sociologists ask | what are people doing with each other here what are their relationships to each other how are these relationships organized into institutiions what are the collective ideas that move men and institutions |
| two values of sociologists | scientific integrity and ethical |
| four types of sociology | professional sociology policy sociology critical sociology public sociology |
| according to Durkheim, societies who have low division of labour have what type of solidarity | mechanical solidarity |
| according to Durkheim, societies who have high division of labour have what type of solidarity | organic solidarity |
| established shared norms and values within society | Collective conscience |
| condition in which social control becomes ineffective as a result of loss of shared value and a sense of purpose in society | Anomie |
| degree to which people are tied to their social group | Social integration |
| Weber's concept of empathetic understanding of the subjective meanings that individuals attach to their actions | verstehen |
| according to Weber, what should sociologists study | social action – the subjectively meaningful actions of people that are oriented towards others |
| according to Weber, how should sociologists conduct their study | value-free and objective |
| Weber's concept of models that are created to use in analyzing social phenomenon | Ideal type |
| the organization of social life according to principles of efficiency and on the basis of technical knowledg | rationalization |
| Translated the work of Comte’s founding treatise, Positive Philosophy, and an active proponent of both women’s rights and the emancipation of slaves. | Harriet Martineau |
| the First African American to gain a doctorate from Harvard, and professor of history, sociology and economics at Atlanta University who focused on the failure of the abolition of slavery in the USA in the 1860s to bring about racial equalit | W.E.B. Du Bois |
| co-founded Hull-House, located in Chicago’s notorious slums which was open to people who needed refuge—to immigrants, the sick, the aged, the poor | JANE ADDAMS |
| Developed abstract models of society that influenced a generation of sociologists | Talcott Parsons |
| Introduced us the concept of sociological imagination Deplored theoretical abstractions, urged sociologists to get back to social reform | Charles Wright Mills |
| Dev’t of Sociology in the Philippines ■ 1950s to 1960s | Institutionalization of Sociology and the Social Sciences |
| Dev’t of Sociology in the Philippines 1970s to 1980s. | Redefining the relevance |
| Dev’t of Sociology in the Philippines 1990s | Moving towards pluralism and multidisciplinarity |
| it is a private matter: values cherished by an individual are felt by him to be threatened. | trouble |
| a public matter: some value cherished by publics is felt to be threatened | issue |
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