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Hass semester 1
all things for hass
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| salinity - water table | The upper level of an underground surface in which the soil or rocks are permanently saturated with water. |
| Salinity - consequences | plants can die from too much salt and water sources can be contaminated with salt leading to dehydration of animals, the lack of plants can lead to lose soil and erosion |
| salinity - irrigation | Irrigation salinity occurs in irrigated regions due to overwatering. Excess water seeps into the groundwater, causing the salty water table to rise to the surface |
| Desertification - causes (_) | (1) rising temperatures, Deforestation, overgrazing, climate change, prolonged drought, unsustainable agricultural practices and urbanization |
| Desertification - consequences | 1. Biodiversity Loss - vegetation loss = habitat loss 2. Soil Degradation - topsoil loses nutrients and its ability to retain water 3. Water scarcity 4. Food insecurity 5. Forced human displacement as land becomes uninhabitable |
| Walkability - definition | Citizen should be able to meet their needs within a 15minute walk or cycle from their home. How easily people can walk to amenities like parks, grocery stores, health care and other essential services . A city built around the flow of people not cars. |
| Walkability - solutions | 1. The rhythm of the city should follow people not cars. 2. Each square metre of the city should have many different uses - no single use space 3. Should be able to live, work and thrive without needing to commute. |
| Walkability - problems (4) | (1) people don't feel safe while walking, (2) Distance from residential areas and amenities, (3) weather such as sun and rain, (4) lack of walking infastructure |
| Desertification - solutions | 1.Sustainable land management 2. Reforestation 3. Water management 4. Soil restoration 5. Monitoring 6. Mitigating climate change |
| Qualitative Data | Data based of qualities e.g. safer, more dangerous |
| Quantitative data | Data based on quantities (numbers) e.g. number of pets vs number of kids |
| Salinity - dryland | Settlers replaced deep-rooted native vegetation with shallow-rooted crops and pasture plants, leading to excess moisture seeping into groundwater. This raised the water table, bringing saline water towards the surface. |
| wellbeing - definition | Human wellbeing means having what you need for life to be good and meaningful. We can use quantitative indicators and qualitative indicators The ability to access the things they need to live a happy and healthy life. |
| wellbeing - factors (11) | Climate, Land quality, Access to fresh drinking water, Natural resources, Population size & growth, Health care, Life expectancy, GDP per capita, GDI and Income, Child mortality, Maternal mortality |
| Wellbeing - measures | GDP, GDP per capita, Life expectancy, Maternal mortality, Education rates, Fertility, Vaccination rates |
| Wellbeing - HDI | A measure of the average achievement in key areas of human development. Human Development Index - Calculated using health, education, income, average life expectancy, mean years of school |
| Appeasement - who | France and Uk (Britain) |
| Appeasement - why | They wanted to avoid another world war due to economic pressures |
| Appeasement - when | 1936 German troops enter the Rhineland and France did nothing |
| Appeasement - definition | Knowing that someone has done wrong without doing anything about it |
| Appeasement - outcome | Germany broke the treaty of Versailles, were emboldened to increase military and knew they could get away with breaking treaty. Entered Rhineland , Austria was annexed in 1938. |
| biodiversity - definition | The variety of all living things and their interactions. Changes over time as species become w=extinct. Can be species, genetic and ecosystem diversity. |
| biodiversity - reasons | Is the foundation of our existence. Guarantees food security, purifies our water and air and serves as a natural defence against climate change. |
| biodiversity - cosequences | Reduced biodiversity weakens ecosystems, diminishing their natural resistance and ability to recover from disruptions. |
| land use changes | As population increases and food and recourse demands increase, land use may need to change to support increased demand. economic factors may cause land use to change as governments prioritise industry over environment. |
| Treaty of Versailles - features | 1919 Peace treaty perhaps set the stage for WW2 French PM Clemenceau demanded revenge WW1 ended and the victorious countries are meeting in France |
| Treaty of Versailles - impact on Germany | Had to take blame for starting the war Germany paid reparations The German military was severely limited Caused political instability in Germany |
| Treaty of Versailles - as a cause of WW2 | Germany felt that the treaty was unfair German people moved towards extremist parties due to their dissatisfaction German economy suffered Germany was forced to give up land and colonies Germany was forced to significantly reduce military |
| when did Germany have hyper inflation | 1923 Germany had hyper inflation |
| GDP definition | Gross domestic product, the total value of all finished goods and services produced within a country in a year |
| GDI definition | Gross domestic income; all the income earned by all the individuals, businesses and the government within an economy in a specific period. |
| Leader of Britain in WW2 | Winston Churchill |
| Leader of Germany in WW2 | Adolf Hitler Made Chancellor in January 1933 |
| Leader of Russia in WW2 | Josef Stalin |
| Leader of Japan in WW2 | Hideki Tojo |
| Leader of France in WW2 | |
| Leader of Italy in WW2 | Benito Mussolini |
| Leader of United States of America in WW2 | Franklin D. Roosevelt |
| Urban Heat Island effect | The urban heat island effect is a phenomenon of urban areas having higher average temperatures - approx 2-6 degrees than surrounding rural areas and cooling down less at night than surrounding areas. |
| Urban expansion - causes | Population increasing reluctance to use high density living migration from regional to urban centres for job prospects/economic reasons |
| Urban expansion - consequences | Stimulates economic growth but causes major environmental degradation including habitat loss, reduced biodiversity and the urban heat island effect. Sprawl threatens food security by paving over agricultural land and puts strain on public infrastructure. |
| Urban expansion - eco-footprint | The effect that humans are having on the planet. A measure of humanity's demand on the Earth's ecosystems. It calculates the amount |
| Kokoda campaign - censorship | They talked about the victory rather than how harsh the campaign was and the deaths caused by disease and lack of food. They had no way of getting the dead out. Letters to families were censored to give a better impression of the war. |
| Kokoda campaign - cause | |
| Kokoda campaign - consequence | e |
| Kokoda campaign - when | between July and November 1942 |
| Bombing of Darwin - when | 19th February 1942 |
| Bombing of Darwin - censorship | The Australian government didn't tell the rest of Australia that Darwin had been bombed |
| Bombing of Darwin - cause | Fall of Singapore in |
| Bombing of Darwin - consequence | e |
| fall of Singapore - significance | Australia thought that Singapore was an allied stronghold and that the Japanese forces would be repelled there and therefore not make it to Australia. This meant that Australia hadn't left many forces to defend Aus. Singapore fell in February 15 1942 |
| Prisoners of War - in Japan | Japan didn't even have a word for surrender. Therefore they treated the POWs as subhuman and used as a workforce to advance Japan's war campaign, Sent to Changi workcamp or to work on Thai/Burma railway. 22000 captured 8000 died. |
| Prisoners of War - in Europe | Germany, Italy and Austria POW camps. Germany more efficiently run than Italy. 9000 captured, 250 died. Germany mostly followed the Geneva convention. |
| management strategies for sustaining urban environments (3) | Developing "green areas" eg parks and tree areas |
| Land degradation - types | soil erosion salinity invasive species overgrazing climate change |
| Land degradation - causes | Land degradation is largely caused by human activities impacting the natural world. Agricultural activities, industrial activities, vegetation removal, overgrazing |
| Land degradation - consequences | Poor soil quality, Crop yields fall, Costs rise as more fertiliser is needed to improve soil quality, topsoil is washed into waterways, Excess nutrients cause algal blooms. Water quality decreases, posing a direct threat to all aquatic life. |
| Desertification - definition | The process where fertile land becomes arid - devastates both ecosystems and human societies. Destroys vital topsoil, severely reduces agricultural yields and forces mass climate migration. |
| Desertification - definition | The process where fertile land becomes arid - devastates both ecosystems and human societies. Destroys vital topsoil, severely reduces agricultural yields and forces mass climate migration. |
| Climate Change | The increasing temperatures and more out of season or more extreme events such as bush fires and floods. |
| Climate Change Causes | Pollutants and greenhouse gases that trap heat inside the atmosphere. |
| Climate Change solutions | Reducing CO2 from the atmosphere |
| Ecosystem services | Are the material and non-material services a healthy ecosystem provides. Regulatory, supporting, provisioning, or cultural. eg fresh water, pollinating. |
| Geography | The study of place and how people interact with it. eg how people interact with the environment they live in be it city or regional area. |
| Urban heat island effect | The urban heat island effect is found in urban areas having higher temperatures than the surrounding rural areas and temperatures decreasing less at night in these areas. Concrete and dark surfaces absorb heat during the day and then emit the heat. |
| Biocapacity | The Earth's capacity to produce certain biological materials and to absorb and filter other materials such as CO2 |
| Components of eco-footprint (6) | Cropland (monocrops decrease biodiversity) Grazing land (erosion) Fishing grounds (decreases biodiversity) Forrest Area (timber use and fewer trees to convert CO2) Built-up land Carbon demand (CO2 in atmosphere and oceans) |
| Leaders who signed the treaty of Versailles | Woodrow Wilson (USA) Georges Clemenceau (France) David Lloyd George (UK) Vittorio Orlando (Italy) |
| Specific things taken from Germany with the Treaty of Versailles | Saar Coalfields in Germany were given to France Poland was given a corridor to the Baltic Sea, cutting off East Prussia from Germany. Germany forbidden from uniting with Austria Northern area given to Denmark, |
| Methods used by Hitler to seize power | 1. Propaganda 2. Violence 3. Hitler promised to restore order after economic amd political instability |
| year WW2 started | September 3 1939 Britain and France declared war on Germany |
| WW2 ended | 1945 |
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