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Tut 7,8,10 - BR
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| NeuroANATOMY | Neurons (Nervous System) |
| Neurons | Basic Building Blocks of the NERVOUS SYSTEM Form NETWORKS to SEND, RECEIVE, PROCESS INFORMATION |
| NEURONS | BASIC BUILDING BLOCKS FORM NETWORKS |
| Neuron Doctrine | Neurons are INDIVIDUAL, discrete cells NOT PHYSICALLY FUSED INDIVIDUAL |
| KEY NEURON STRUCTURES | Dendrites, Soma(Cell Body), Axon Hillock, Axon, Myelin Sheath, Nodes of Ranvier, Axon Terminals, Synapse |
| DENDRITES | RECEIVE input from other neurons |
| SOMA (CELL BODY) | Nucleus - INTERGRATES signals |
| AXON HILLOCK | Trigger zone for ACTION POTENTIAL |
| Axon | Carries signal AWAY FROM SOMA |
| Myelin Sheath | Speeds -> Signal Transmission |
| Nodes of Ranvier | GAPS where signal is regenerated |
| AXON TERMINALS | SENDS SIGNALS TO NEXT NEURON |
| AXON PARTS | all involves signals and ACTION POTENTIAL |
| Synapse | JUNCTION 4 NEURON TO NEURON COMMUNICATION |
| NEURON COMMUNICATION | IMPORTANT |
| Electrochemical gradients (membrane potential) | Chemical gradient Electrical gradient Electrochemical gradient |
| Chemical gradient | Ions move from HIGH to LOW concentration HIGH -> LOW |
| Electrical gradient | Ions move based on charge differences |
| Electrochemical gradient | Combo of both Determines ion movement -> ION MOVEMENT |
| Membrane Potential | Electrical difference across the cell membrane CRUCIAL FOR ACTION POTENTIALS |
| MEMBRANE POTENTIAL | CRUCIAL FOR ACTION POTENTIALS |
| THE ACTION POTENTIAL | ALL OR NOTHING Electrical Signal Travels down the AXON |
| Phases of the ACTION POTENTIAL | Resting Depolarisation Peak Repolarisation Hyperpolarisation Return to rest Refractory Period |
| ACTION POTENTIAL Resting | -70mV, Na+ Outside, K+ inside |
| DEPOLARISATION | Na+ enters, inside becomes more POSITIVE |
| Peak | -+40mV |
| Repolarisation | K+ Leaves Membrane returns to NEGATIVE |
| Hyperpolarisation | Too much K+ leaves Membrane is extra NEGATIVE |
| Return to Rest | Ion balance restored by Na+/K+ Pump |
| ACTION POTENTIAL | Na+ K+ |
| Refractory Period | Prevents backward signal flow Enforces one way direction |
| Synaptic Transmission | At the Synapse Electrical signal are turned into chemical signals (Neurotransmitter release) ELECTRICAL -> CHEMICAL SIGNALS THEN BACK TO ELECTRICAL in the next neuron |
| KEY STEPS PART ONE SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION | ELECTRICAL TO CHEMICAL TO ELECTRICAL 1. Action Potential arrives at Axon Terminal 2. Ca2- Channels open, Triggering Vesicles to release Neurotransmitters 3. Neurotransmitters cross the synaptic cleft |
| KEY STEPS PART TWO | 4. Binds to Postsynaptic receptors (Ionotropic or Metabotropic) 5. Signal is terminated by reuptake or enzymatic breakdown 6. Neurotransmitters |
| CHEMICAL MESSENGERS | that influence behaviour, emotion, memory |
| CHEMICAL MESSENGERS THAT INFLUENCE BEHAVIOUR, EMOTION, MEMORY | MUST BE PRODUCED IN THE NEURON, BE RELEASED ON STIMULATION, BIND TO RECEPTORS, BE REMOVED OR BROKEN DOWN |
| Neural Integration | EPSPs & IPSPs |
| EPSPs | EXCITATORY Na+ enters -> DEpolarises -> Increases firing chance DE -> INCREASE |
| IPSPs | INHIBITORY Cl- enters or K+ leaves -> HYPERpolarises -> Reduces firing raTE HYPER - REDUCE |
| EPSPs and IPSPs | SUMMATION AT AXON HILLOCK |
| Summation at Axon Hillock | Spatial Summation - Inputs from Multiple locations Temporal Summation - Repeated inputs over time |
| SPATIAL | INPUTS FROM MULTIPLE LOCATIONS |
| TEMPORAL | REPEATED INPUTS OVER TIME |
| If Membrane reaches -55mV threshold | ACTION POTENTIAL FIRES |
| SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY (LEARNING, MEMORY) | Brain adapts to changing the strength of synapses Called Neuroplasticity |
| SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY | Changing the STRENGTH SYNAPSES NEUROPLASTICITY |
| KEY CONCEPTS | Hebb's Rule - Cells FIRE together WIRE together LTP LTD |
| Hebb's Rule | Cells FIRE together WIRE together (Neuroplasticity) (Synaptic plasticity) |
| LTP Long Term Potentiation | STRENGTHENING OF SYNAPSES VIA strong and repeated stimulation Ca2+ Influx of NMDA receptors Insertion of more AMPA receptors |
| LONG TERM POTENTIATION | STRENGTHENS STRONG REPEATED STIMULATION NMDA AMPA |
| LTD Long Term Depression | WEAKENING OF SYNAPSES LOW FREQUENCY STIMULATION Smaller Ca2+ Entry Removal of AMPA receptors |
| LTD | WEAKENS SYNAPSES LOW FREQUENCY STIMULATION Small Ca2+ NO AMPA |
| Spike Timing Dependent Plasticity (STDP) | TIMING MATTERS Pre -> Post Firing (Within -20ms) = LTP Post -> Pre firing = LTD |
| PRE -> POST | LTP |
| POST -> PRE | LTD |
| NMDA | Coincidence Detectors |
| NMDA ONLY ACTIVATE | GLUTAMATE IS PRESENT (PRESYNAPTIC ACTIVITY) POSTSYNAPTIC NEURON IS DEPOLARISED (Removes Mg2+ Block) |
| Neuroplasticity MEMORY FORMATION | Neurogenesis Neuroplasticity Pruning |
| MEMORY FORMATION NeuroGENESIS | New Neuron Growth (HIPPOCAMPUS) GROWTH = GENESIS |
| NeuroPLASTICITY | synaPtic Changes Based on Experience |
| PRUNING | REMOVAL Unused Neurons/Synapses to improve efficiency |
| TYPES OF MEMORY BRAIN AREAS | Hippocampus Amygdala Cortex |
| Hippocampus | Decelerative Memory (Facts, Events) |
| Amygdala | Emotional Memory |
| Cortex | Long Term Storage |
Created by:
brendonpizarro1