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APUSH period 4 terms
AmStud (APUSH) period 4 terms and definitions (with importance)
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Aaron Burr | U.S. Vice President under Jefferson; important for his duel with Hamilton and role in early political rivalries. |
| Lewis and Clark | Explorers who mapped the Louisiana Territory; important for expanding U.S. knowledge of the West. |
| John Marshall | Chief Justice of the Supreme Court; strengthened federal power through landmark decisions. |
| Marbury v. Madison | 1803 case establishing judicial review; gave courts power to declare laws unconstitutional. |
| McCulloch v. Maryland | 1819 case affirming federal supremacy over states; upheld the constitutionality of the national bank. |
| Era of Good Feelings | Period of national unity under Monroe; marked decline of partisan divisions. |
| Economic Nationalism | Focus on strengthening the national economy; key to post-War of 1812 policies. |
| Sectionalism | Loyalty to regional interests; foreshadowed tensions leading to the Civil War. |
| Tariff of 1816 | First protective tariff; designed to boost American manufacturing. |
| Henry Clay | Senator and “Great Compromiser”; promoted the American System to unify the economy. |
| American System | Clay’s plan for economic growth via tariffs, a national bank, and internal improvements. |
| 2nd Bank of the U.S. | Reestablished national bank (1816); important for regulating the economy but politically divisive. |
| Missouri Compromise | 1820 law balancing free and slave states; delayed sectional conflict. |
| War Hawks | Young congressmen favoring war with Britain in 1812; pushed U.S. into the War of 1812. |
| Chesapeake-Leopard Affair | British attack on a U.S. ship in 1807; fueled anti-British sentiment. |
| Embargo Act 1807 | Jefferson’s ban on foreign trade; hurt U.S. economy and angered merchants. |
| Andrew Jackson | 7th president; expanded democracy but enforced Indian removal and opposed the Bank. |
| Treaty of Ghent | Ended War of 1812; restored prewar boundaries without territorial change. |
| Monroe Doctrine | 1823 policy warning Europe against colonizing the Americas; cornerstone of U.S. foreign policy. |
| Erie Canal | Linked Great Lakes to the Atlantic; boosted trade and growth of New York City. |
| Eli Whitney | Inventor of the cotton gin; revolutionized cotton production and expanded slavery. |
| Lowell System | Factory system using young women workers; model of early industrialization. |
| Cotton Gin | Machine that cleaned cotton seeds; made cotton highly profitable and expanded slavery. |
| Commonwealth v. Hunt | 1842 court case legalizing labor unions; major win for workers’ rights. |
| Universal White Male Suffrage | Right for all white men to vote; expanded democracy in Jacksonian era. |
| Anti-Masonic Party | First third party in U.S. politics; introduced nominating conventions. |
| Spoils System | Practice of rewarding political supporters with jobs; popularized by Jackson. |
| Indian Removal Act | 1830 law forcing Native relocation westward; led to the Trail of Tears. |
| Cherokee Nation v. Georgia | 1831 case denying Cherokee sovereignty; limited tribal legal standing. |
| Worcester v. Georgia | 1832 case ruling states couldn’t impose laws on tribes; ignored by Jackson. |
| Nicholas Biddle | President of the Second Bank; clashed with Jackson during the Bank War. |
| Pet Banks | State banks holding federal funds after Jackson ended the national bank. |
| Panic of 1837 | Financial crisis following Bank War; led to severe economic depression. |
| Tariff of 1828 | “Tariff of Abominations”; angered the South and sparked the Nullification Crisis. |
| Nullification Crisis | South Carolina’s challenge to federal tariffs; tested state vs. federal power. |
| Utopia | Ideal community movement; reflected reformist optimism before the Civil War. |
| Antebellum | Period before the Civil War; marked by reform, expansion, and growing sectionalism. |
| Transcendentalists | |
| Transcendentalism | Intellectual movement stressing individual intuition and nature; influenced reformers. |
| Ralph Waldo Emerson | Transcendentalist writer; emphasized self-reliance and spiritual independence. |
| “On Civil Disobedience” | Essay by Thoreau urging nonviolent protest against unjust laws; influenced reform movements. |
| Hudson River School | Group of painters depicting American landscapes; celebrated nature and nationalism. |
| Second Great Awakening | Religious revival movement; inspired reforms like abolition and temperance. |
| Charles Finney | Evangelist of the Second Great Awakening; promoted personal salvation and social reform. |
| Joseph Smith | Founder of Mormonism; established the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. |
| Brigham Young | Mormon leader who led migration to Utah; built a lasting settlement there. |
| Seneca Falls Convention | 1848 women’s rights meeting; issued the Declaration of Sentiments for equality. |
| Frederick Douglass | Former slave and abolitionist leader; powerful voice for freedom and equality. |
| Denmark Vesey | Planned a major slave revolt in 1822; executed before it occurred. |
| Nat Turner | Led 1831 slave rebellion in Virginia; increased Southern repression. |
| Slave Codes | Laws restricting enslaved people’s rights; aimed to prevent rebellion and control slaves. |
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studying2714