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BruzzanoExam3
Exam 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| When was the Big Bang? | 15 BYA |
| When did the earth form? | 4.5 BYA |
| When did Prokaryotes first form? | 3.5 to 3.8 BYA |
| When did Eukaryotes first form? | 2.5 BYA |
| Singularity = | particle that holds all energy and matter of the entire universe. |
| The moment the singularity formed, it ____________. | exploded |
| Earth is in the ________ zone which means that all the right conditions for life are present. | green |
| Theory of biogenesis - | All living organisms are always produced by pre-existing organisms. |
| Francesco Reid, Spallanzani, and Louis Pasteur | argue for biogenesis |
| Can biogenesis explain the origin of life? | no |
| Oparin and Haldenes 1920s theory | primordial soup |
| What biomolecules are required for all forms of life? | lipids, nucleic acid, proteins |
| Miller - Urey Experiment 1953 | Tested the primordial soup theory and amino acids developed from what they believed to be early earth compounds and lightning. |
| Lipid monomers 2 parts - head and tail | head is hydrophilic - loves water tail is hydrophobic- hates water |
| If you put lipids monomers in conditions of early earth, they reorganize themselves into _________________ | Micelle |
| If you put lipid monomers in salt water, they form into __________, which is not a cell, but the beginning of a cell. | liposomes |
| A cell membrane has a ________ bilayer. | lipid |
| Protocell - | basic cell consisting of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids surrounded by a membrane. |
| Complex cellular behavior includes: | double membrane, osmotic balance, absorbs and divide adjacent molecules, basic movement, ATP synthesis |
| All cells need a control molecule called ___________. | DNA |
| Michael Yarus - | RNA World Hypothesis |
| RNA - | simple biomolecule that transfers and stores information and replicates. |
| Viroids contains ________ and no ______________. | RNA, DNA |
| The shape and structure of RNA in viroids. | Small circular RNA molecules with no protein coat. |
| Viroids cause several __________ diseases. | plant |
| Viroids act like ribozymes and _______________ (reproduction). | replicate |
| Ribozymes - | RNA molecules capable of catalyzing biochemical reactions. |
| Mutation in RNA code in ribozymes induces new _______. | shape |
| RNA nucleotides are in the silt found in these. | Hydrothermal vents |
| These are found living around hydrothermal vents in the ocean. | Archaea and Bacteria |
| Chemical reactions in hydrothermal vents form pyruvate which are necessary to form what? | ATP |
| Geochemical and geothermal activity produces _______. | RNA |
| LUCA - | last universal common ancestor |
| If LUCA developed in hydrothermal vents would it be photosynthetic? | No |
| Chemoatutotrophs are organisms that obtain energy by the oxidation of ___________ and ________ molecules. | organic, inorganic |
| ____________ and ______________ are chemoautotrophic. | Archaea, bacteria |
| LUCA would be heterotrophic which means that it cannot produce its own ________ and instead does what? | food, consumes other organisms or organic matter. |
| Later, LUCA occupied the ocean where light penetrated producing what? | photosynthetic autotrophs. |
| Autotrophs produce what? | their own energy |
| Are animals autotrophic or heterotrophic? | heterotrophic. |
| Are plants autotrophic or heterotrophic? | autotrophic |
| LUCA probably was more similar to archaea or bacteria? | archaea |
| Can archaea and bacteria live in extreme environments? | yes |
| A thermophile is an organism that can live where? | extreme heat |
| 3 Domains | archaea, bacteria, eukaryotes |
| A stable __________ was needed for life to begin. | hydrosphere |
| When was a stable hydrosphere present on Earth? | 4.2 BYA |
| When did prebiotic chemistry appear on Earth? | 4.2 - 4.0 BYA |
| When was the RNA world? | 3.8 BYA |
| Cyanobacteria produces what as a byproduct? | oxygen |
| When was the Great Oxidation Event? | 2.4 BYA |
| Oxygen molecules form ___________. | Ozone |
| Ozone = | protective barrier that allows for life to evolve |
| What is the working theory for how you go from prokaryotic to eukaryotic cells? | Endosymbiont Theory |
| What is the Endosymbiont Theory? | eukaryotes may have been a product of one cell engulfing another, one living within another, and evolving over time until the separate cells were no longer separate.. |
| Who developed the Endosymbiont Theory? | Lynn Margulis |
| MtDNA create ______. | ATP |
| Chloroplast has its own _____________ and make its own _______. | DNA, energy |
| Ribosomes make __________. | Protein |
| Prokaryotes rarely work alone - instead they | work in groups |
| Aggregate structures of cyanobacteria and microbial (bio) film that trap sediment and are the oldest fossils. | Stromalites |
| The oldest know fossils are _______________ and date to __________. | stromalites, 3.5 BYA |
| Benefits of multicellularity. | shared resources, shared info, protection/resistance, specialization/differentiation, complexity |
| Dictyostelium, or slime mold, lives part of life __________ and part _________. | unicellular, multicellular |
| Liver cells can work ____________. | Independently |
| Volvox is a ______ cell that only lives in __________. | single, colonies |
| Cells exposed to high levels of oxygen do what? | cling together and coordinate metabolism |
| Ediacaran system occurred when? | 635 - 540 MYA |
| Ediacaran system was a heterogeneous mix of different groups of complex organisms including possible _______________, ____________, and ___________ as well as ___________ lineages. | poriferans, cnidarians, bilaterians, extinct |
| Cambrian explosion occurred when? | 550 MYA |
| Possible links to the Cambrian explosion. | Snowball earth - oxygen heavy metal |
| Cores must ___________ before magnetic field will develop. | stabilize |
| Magnetic field protects from ____________. | radiation |
| Walcott worked in the _________ shale in 1909 and found extensive ______________ fossils with hard and soft bodies. | Burgess, early Cambrian |
| _________________ Theory states that life originated from non-living matter through natural processes, such as the combination of simple organic compounds. | Abiogenesis |
| Background extinction rate. | 1 extinct species per 10k species per 100 years. |
| Mass extinction must have a higher extinction rate than __________ extinction rate. | background |
| What are some natural causes of mass extinction? | impacts, volcanic activity, climate change, sea-level change, oxygen levels |
| The Great Dying occurred when? | 250 MYA |
| What percentage of species went extinct during the Great Dying? | 90% |
| When did the KT Extinction occur? | 66 MYA |
| What famously went extinct during the KT Extinction? | dinosaurs |
| What percent of all species died during the KT Extinction? | 50% |
| How long did it take for the Earth to fully recover from the KT Extinction? | 300,000 years |
| What were some of the first things to grow after the KT Extinction? | fungus, then ferns, then palm trees, then diverse flora, then mammals |
| Do generalists or specialists survive the best during an extinction event? | generalists |
| What are the causes of the current extinction? | habitat loss, human introduced invasive species, climate change, pollution, hunting and exploitation |
| Temperature sex determination (TSD) happens in ________. | reptiles |
| In reptiles with TSD how is sex determined? | egg temperature |
| Proportion of __________ goes down with higher temperatures in reptiles with TSD. | males |
| Carl Linnaeus proposed what in his book Systema Naturae in 1735? | organization scheme |
| What is the classification system in the Linnean Hierarchy of Classification? | Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species |
| Binomial nomenclature, or scientific name of life, includes what 2 categories? | genus, species |
| What was the classification proposed by MacLeay in 1819 that is not used today? | Quinarian system |
| What classification was added in 1977? | Domain |
| Who proposed to add Domain to the classification system? | Woese |
| List the current classification system in order from broadest to narrowest. | Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species |
| Woese determined that ___________ was not part of bacteria and hence proposed Domains. | archaea |
| Phylogeny shows | evolutionary relatedness |
| Who was the first person to use phylogeny? | Heckle - embryologist |
| A _________ shows branching orders of organisms and the branch lengths are meaningless. | cladogram |
| A _________ shows branching orders of organisms where the branch length infers time. | phylogram |
| In phylograms the ________ the branch, the closer the relatedness. | closer |
| When determining the phylogeny of an organism, an ______________ is necessary to show that it is accurate. | outgroup |
| Monophyletic group = | can be removed from the tree with a single cut |
| Paraphyletic group = | includes the common ancestor and some, but not all, of the descendants |
| Polyphyletic group = | does not include the common ancestor of the group |
| Synamorphies = | derived trait shared by common ancestry |
| Can you use morphological and behavioral similarities to determine species. | No |
| Ernst Mayr came up with the biological species concept in what decade? | 1950s |
| The biological species concept states that | if 2 individuals can successfully mate and produce fertile offspring they are the same species. |
| Are there any exceptions to the biological species concept? | yes |
| Phylogenetic species concept builds on what? | biological species concept |
| Now, we can use ______ to determine species. | DNA |
| If mating with another species produces fertile offspring, it is probably a ____________. | subspecies |
| The phylogenetic concept works for __________ % of species but there are some exceptions like _______ and ______. | 99, bacteria, plants |
| A donkey and a horse can have an offspring called a _________ that is usually infertile. | mule |
| hybrid vigor = | when hybrid offspring out compete parents |
| Reinfocement hybrids (looks like a y) = | hybrid is less fit than parents and the 2 species continue to diverge until hybridization no longer occurs |
| Fusion hybrid (looks like a Christmas tree) = | hybrid reproductive barriers weaken until the 2 become 1 species |
| Stability hybrid ( looks like a y with parallel lines on top) = | fit hybrids continue to be reproduced but they don't become one species. |
| Reproductive Isolating Mechanism include _____________ and __________ isolation. | pre zygotic, post zygotic |
| Pre zygotic isolation | prevents mating or fertilization between different species before a zygote can form |
| What are some barriers that cause pre zygotic isolation? | ecological, seasonal, physiological, mechanical, gamete mortality |
| Post zygotic isolation | prevents successful development and reproduction after fertilization occurs between members of different species |
| What are some barriers that cause post zygotic isolation? | hybrid breakdown, cytological, zygotic mortality, hybrid inviability, hybrid sterility |
| Subspecies | a rank below species, used for populations that live in different areas and vary in size, shape, or other physical characteristics, but that can successfully interbreed |
| Breeds refers to | a specific group of domestic animals with distinct characteristic |
| Varieties in species refers to | different forms within a breed, often distinguished by traits like color or size. |
| If the scientific name of an organism has 3 names it is a __________. | subspecies |
| Darwin believed in monogenism which states that | all humans come from the same common ancestor and variety came via natural selection |
| Polygenism - | religious belief that a God created different races of people at different times and in a hierarchical form. |
| Salty Dick who studied skulls in 1839. | Samuel Morton |
| EQ = | size of brain compared to skull size |
| All humans are _________% similar. | 99.9 |
| Is race a biological concept? | No |
| Skin color is determined by a layer of tissue thinner than _____. | paper |
| There are ______ genetic loci involved in determining skin color. | 378 |
| Eugenics was proposed by ________, Darwin's cousin. | Sir Francis Galton |
| Species diversity is a measure of diversity of species represented in an ________ community or __________ area. | ecological, geographical |
| H and D indicies are calculations of | species richness and evenness. |
| Species richness is a number or %. | number |
| Species evenness is a number or %. | % |
| The high the H or D indices number the _______________ the diversity value | greater |
| Wallace studied ______________. | Biogeography |
| Latitudinal Diversity Gradient shows that there is a _____________ in number of species as you move away from the equator. | decrease |
| Why does the number of species increase as you move toward the equator? | more energy, ideal habitats, adaptive radiations and competition, climate |
| Biogeography and plate tectonics was being studied by ___________ in a 1912 expedition to the South Pole. | Scott |
| Do all things fit into the abiotic and biotic groups? | No |
| Beijerinick discovered a disease in 1898 that was a non-bacterial, infectious agent called ________ __________ _______. | Tobacco Mosaic Disease |
| Viruses have 2 parts: | outside protein coat, DNA or RNA |
| Are viruses cells? why? | no, because no membrane and no nucleus |
| What does the protein coat of a virus surround? | nucleic acids |
| Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites which means what? | They are not self sustaining and the live inside a cell of the host |
| Why do some scientists believe that viruses are not living? | They can't sustain themselves and they are not cells |
| Once a virus is inside a host cell, the virus DNA or RNA can do what? | link up with the host DNA and replicate. |
| Viruses have a very small genome size and so they mutate within what time period? | months |
| Zoonotic diseases are what? What does this usually refer to? | viruses in host organism that jump to another host. Viruses that jump from animals to humans. |
| Bats have _____________ which means they get viruses but don't get sick. | interferons |
| Prions are | infectious proteins |
| Prions are the causative agents of brain _________ and _______ _____ Disease. | encephalitis, Mad Cow |
| Kuru was a prion spread in Papua, New Guinea due to a ______ ________. | death ritual |
| Genetic resistance to Kuru gave the surviving population resistance to _______ ______ Disease. | Mad Cow |
| Bacteria have an extra ring of DNA called a ________. | plasmid |
| All living cells have | cell membrane |
| Animals don't have these 2 walls around the cell membrane, but plants, funghi and bacteria have them. | Cell wall, capsule or a slime layer |
| The capsule or slime layer does what? | protects bacteria from environmental or immune responses |
| What is an extension of bacteria cell membrane? | Pili |
| Bacteria have ______________ cells which make protein. | ribosomes |
| Bacteria have ________ which allows it to move around. | flagellum |
| When looking at bacteria, what 3 things are used to classify it? | morphology, colony shape, peptidoglycan |
| 3 morphological shapes of bacteria with example. | rodlike - bacillus, spherical - coccus, spiral - spirillum |
| 3 colony shapes of cocci and example. | 2 balls - pneumonia, pearl necklace - strep, grapes - staph |
| Thin peptidoglycan stain this color and are gram _______. | purple/blue, + |
| Thick peptidoglycan stain this color and are gram _______. | pick/red, - |
| When bacteria reproduce asexually, it is called ________ ____________. | binary fission |
| Bacteria can divide exponentially every ________________ minutes. | 20 |
| Pili on bacteria are used to transfer ___________ back and forth between 2 bacteria cells resulting in genetic ___________ so when it divides it is a new _____________. | DNA, variation, variation |
| Bacteria can have _______________ which wrap cells in a protective coat and can remain dormant for 1,000s or 1,000,000s of years. | endospores |
| In 2010, NASA discovered a new bacteria species that can use _________ to replace phosphorus in DNA. | arsenic |
| Griffith's 1928 mouse experiments showed that DNA in bacteria can ____________________. | transform |
| ______ is a process in which external DNA is taken up by a cell, thereby changing its morphology and physiology. | Transformation |
| Transduction - | where DNA is transferred from 1 bacterium into another by bacteriophage, a virus. |
| Conjugation - | the transfer of DNA material via sexual pili and requires cell to cell contact |
| Bacteriophage | viruses that specifically infect and kill bacteria |
| Recombinant DNA | DNA that is artificially created by combining genetic material from two or more different sources. |
| Biofilms, also called slime, are | aggregates of bacterial cells that join together, communicate, exchange DNA, and alter metabolism. |
| Bacteria mutation rates increase by ________ x during environmental stress. | 1,000 |
| Some bacteria combine oxygen with inorganic molecules to make _________ or ________ which are crucial soil nutrients for plants. | sulfates, nitrates |
| What was used to get rid of the oil on the beach after the Exxon Valdez spill in Alaska in 1989? | bacteria |
| How much oil spilled from Exxon Valdez? | 11 million gallons |
| Deepwater Horizon spilled how much oil? | 130 million |
| Is bacteria critical in ocean and fresh water food webs? | yes |
Created by:
mbruzzano