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6 - BC & B
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Neural communication | Communicate Electrical / Chemical Signals |
| Key Parts | Axon Hillock Axon Terminal and Terminal Boutons Axon collaterals |
| Axon Hillock | Initiates Action Potential AXON -> ACTION |
| Axon Terminal and Terminal Boutons | Release Neurotransmitters |
| Axon Collaterals | Branches of Axon |
| Resting Membrane Potential RMP | Inside of Neuron = 70mV (more negative) |
| RMP is maintained by To rest is to maintain | Phospholipid Bilayer Sodium Potassium Pump Positive Ions |
| RMP Phospholipid Bilayer | Blocks Charged ions (Na+, K+, Cl-) |
| Sodium Potassium Pump | Na+/K+ ATpase Pumps 3Na+ out, 2K+ in Na+- OUT K+ - IN |
| Positive ions | want to move in to balance charge |
| Action Potential | Involves Synaptic Transmission |
| Inputs from other neurons produce | EPSP (Excitatory) makes inside more positive IPSP (Inhibitory) makes inside more negative |
| INPUTS | ARE EITHER EPSP OR IPSP EXCITATORY OR INHIBITORY BOTH HAS ITS BENEFITS |
| Summation of EPSPs/IPSPS | -> depolarisation -> action potential |
| Synapse Types | Electrical (gap junctions) - direct, fast Chemical (synaptic cleft) - use neurotransmitters |
| Synapses | either electrical or chemical ELECTRICAL IS DIRECT AND FAST CHEMICAL USE NEUROTRANSMITTERS |
| Chemical Synapse Steps Part one (TWO PARTS) | 1. Action Potential reaches presynaptic terminal 2. Calcium Ca2+ enters terminal 3. Vesicle dock via SNARE proteins 4. Exocytosis - vesicles release neurotransmitters |
| Chemical Synapse Steps Part two (TWO PARTS) | 5. Neurotransmitters bind to receptors on postsynaptic membrane 6. Neurotransmitter fate |
| BINDING | CAUSES BIOLOGICAL EFFECT |
| Cleared from synapse by | Reuptake (Endocytosis) into Presynaptic neuron Metabolism (breakdown via enzymes) Recycling into vesicles Receptors and effects |
| Ionotropic receptors (fast) | Ligand gated ion channels Fast, Brief effects ION = FAST IRON MAN = FAST |
| Ionotropic receptors examples | ACh or Glutamate -> Na+/Ca2+ in (excitatory) Gaba -> Cl- in (inhibitory) |
| Metabotropic receptors (slow) | Metabotropic = SLOW = SLOW METABOLISM G protein coupled receptors GPCRs Slower, longer lasting |
| Metabotropic (slow) receptors Activate Second Messenger Cascades via | GTP binding -> G protein activation -> effector protein activation |
| What is a "true" neurotransmitters? | Many Neurotransmitters 5 CRITERIA |
| TRUE NEUROTRANSMITTERS HAVE 5 CRITERIA | Made/stored in presynaptic cell Released by action potential binds to receptor -> biological effect has a way to be inactivated mimics natural effect if applied externally (exogenous application) |
| Types of Neurotransmitters | Amino Acids Acetylcholine ACh Monoamines Peptides Purines Soluble gases |
| Amino Acids | Glutamate, GABA, Glycine Fast Signalling |
| Acetylcholine ACh | Movement, Memory |
| Monoamines | Dopamine DA, Serotonin 5 HT, Noradrenaline NA Mood, Reward, Attention |
| MONOAMINE | MOOD |
| MONOAMINE DOPAMINE AND SEROTONIN AND NORADRENALINE | NEUROTRANSMITTERS |
| Peptides | Substance P Chain of amino acids |
| Purines | Adenosine Sleep, Inhibition |
| Soluble gases | Nitric Oxide NO Diffuses early |
| Neurotransmitter Synthesis | Peptides: Made in Soma, Packaged in Golgi, Transported in secretory granules, Monoamines, ACh, Amino Acids, Made in presynaptic terminal, From precursor molecules (Diet) and Stored in small vesicles |
| PEPTIDES | CHAIN SYNTHESIS |
| NEUROTRANSMITTER LIFE CYCLE | 1. Synthesised -> Stored -> Released -> Bind Receptors 2. Removed by: Reuptake transporters, Metabolizing enzymes 3. Either RECYCLED or DEGRADED |
| MAJOR NEUROTRANSMITTERS | Glutamate GABA Dopamine Serotonin (5HT) Noradrenaline NA Acetylcholine ACh |
| NEUROTRANSMITTER Glutamate | Type is Excitatory AA Functions are learning, memory, neuroplasticity |
| GABA | Inhibitory AA Reduces neuronal excitability |
| Dopamine | Monoamine Reward, Planning, Movement |
| Serotonin | Monoamine Mood, Emotion, Cognition |
| Noradrenaline NA | Monoamine Attention, Arousal, Stress |
| Acetylcholine ACh | Type is Other Memory, REM sleep, Muscle Movement |
| MONOAMINES pathways and synthesis | Catecholamines Indolamines |
| Catecholamines | Tyrosine -> LDOPA -> DA -> NA -> Adrenaline |
| Indolamines | Tryptophan -> 5 HTP -> Serotonin Enzyme: MAO breaks down Monoamines |
| MAO | breaks down MONOAMINES |
| TRANSPORTERS | DA -> DAT NA -> NET 5HT -> SERT |
| IONOTROPIC VS METABOTROPIC RECEPTORS | Ionotropic - Fast, Short, Direct, GABA, ACh Metabotropic Slow, Long, G protein -> 2nd messengers, DA 5-HT, NA |
| METABOTROPIC | SLOW METABOLISM |
| IONOTROPIC RECEPTOR | FAST (ms) Short Direct Ion Flow GABA, ACh |
| METABOTROPIC RECEPTOR | SLOW (100s ms) Long G Protein -> 2nd Messengers DA, 5-HT, NA |
| Dopamine, Serotonin and Noradrenaline | SLOW release |
| G Proteins and Second Messengers | Inactive: G protein has GDP Activated: GDP -> GTP, G protein splits |
| Subunits Activate | Ion Channels (ION FAST) Enzymes -> Produce Second Messengers (eg cAMP, IP3) Simple amplification via cascades |
| Inhibitory G Proteins | Gi proteins prevent second messenger cascades Presynaptic autoreceptors: feedback mechanism to reduce NT release |
| Receptor Pharmacology | Agonist: Mimics NT, Activates Receptor Antagonist: Blocks receptor, No activation Drugs can mimic or block natural NT action |
| AGONIST | MIMICS AND ACTIVATES |
| ANTAGONIST (VILLAIN) | BLOCKS AND NO ACTIVATION |
| DRUGS | MIMIC or BLOCK (AGONIST, ANTAGONIST) |
Created by:
brendonpizarro1