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Hydrosphere Review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Adhesion | When the atoms or molecules of a substance stick to other substance |
| Aquifer | A body of rock that can contain water or allow water to flow through it |
| Cohesion | When the atoms or molecules of a substance stick together |
| Condensation | When a gas transforms into a liquid as a result of cooling |
| Density | Mass per unit volume; the amount of matter in a given amount of space |
| Evaporation | When a liquid transforms into a gas as a result of heating |
| Hydrosphere | All of the waters on and under the Earth's surface |
| Permeability | Measure of how much water can flow through a substance |
| Polarity | Having a positive and negative end (pole) (i.e. Water is a polar molecule because it has a negatively charged side – the oxygen atom – and a positively charged side – the two hydrogen atoms) |
| Porosity | The amount of available empty space in a rock |
| Precipitation | Rain, snow, sleet, hail |
| River Basin | An area of land drained by a river and its tributaries much like a bathtub catches all of the water that falls within its sides |
| Runoff | The draining away of water (or substances carried in it) from the surface of an area of land, a building, or structure, etc |
| Salinity | A measure of the amount of salt in a body of water |
| Solvent | A liquid or a gas that dissolves another substance |
| Specific Heat | How much heat energy it will take to raise or lower the temperature of an object. Water has a high specific heat, meaning it takes a lot of energy to change the temperature of water |
| Surface Tension | Atoms and molecules in the surface of a substance exhibit the property of cohesion |
| Tributary | A freshwater stream that feeds into a larger stream, river or other body of water |
| Water Cycle | The journey water takes as it circulates from the land to the sky and back again |
| Watershed | An area or ridge of land that separates waters flowing to different rivers, basins, or seas |
| saltwater | water that contains a high concentration of dissolved salts, primarily sodium chloride |
| Freshwater | Water with low concentrations of dissolved salts, commonly found in rivers and lakes |
| Brackish water | water that has a salinity level higher than freshwater but lower than seawater/saltwater |
| Estuary | A place where freshwater meets up with salt water; nature’s nursery |
| Ice caps | a cover of perennial ice and snow. Specifically: a glacier forming on an extensive area of relatively level land and flowing outward from its center |
| Glaciers | A slowly moving mass or river of ice formed by the accumulation and compaction of snow on mountains or near the poles. |
| Groundwater | Water found beneath the Earth's surface in soil pore spaces and in the fractures of rock formations |
| Surface water | Water that collects on the surface of the ground |
| Water table | The level below the Earth's surface where the ground is saturated with water |
| Creek | A small stream or tributary of a river |
| Spring | A natural source of water formed when water from an aquifer flows to the Earth's surface |
| Wetlands | shallow water habitats, where the soil is covered by water (usually less than 2 meters), or saturated areas, where the soil is wet at or near the surface but not necessarily covered by water – i.e. swamps, marshes |
| Impermeable | A material or substance that does not allow liquids or gases to pass through |
| Buoyancy | The upward push that a fluid (like water or air) puts on an object placed in it |
| Aphotic Zone | the portion of a lake or ocean where there is little or no sunlight; formally defined as the depths beyond which less than 1% of sunlight penetrates |
| Benthic Zone | the ecological region at the lowest level of a body of water such as an ocean or a lake, including the sediment surface and some sub-surface layers |
| Intertidal Zone | the area of the shore and seabed that is exposed to the air at low tide and submerged at high tide, i.e. the area between tide marks |
| Neritic Zone | the relatively shallow part of the ocean above the drop-off of the continental shelf, approximately 200 meters in depth |
| Photic Zone | surface layer of the ocean that receives sunlight |
| Open Ocean | the sunlit top layer of the ocean beyond the continental shelves; the vast bulk of the sea, it covers over 360,000,000 square kilometers of the Earth's surface. Referred to as the 'marine desert' because nutrients are lower here than in the shallow seas |
| Upwelling | wind-driven process in which nutrient-rich, denser, colder water moves to the surface |
| Downwelling | the downward movement of fluid, especially in the sea, the atmosphere, or deep in the earth |
| Phytoplankton | microscopic marine producers/base of an aquatic food web |
| Hydrothermal Vents | a fissure in a planet's surface from which geothermally heated water issues. Hydrothermal vents are commonly found near volcanically active places, areas where tectonic plates are moving apart, ocean basins, and hotspots |
| Cold seeps | special area on the ocean floor where chemical-rich fluid, such as methane gas and hydrogen sulfide, slowly leaks out (seeps) from the seabed into the ocean water |
| Chemosynthesis | The process by which certain microbes create energy by mediating chemical reactions |
| Algal Blooms | A rapid increase in phytoplankton as a result of excess nutrients in the water; can serve as a bioindicator of water quality |
| Bioindicators | Organisms that indicate the health of a water ecosystem |
| Coagulation | The action or process of a liquid changing to a solid or semi-solid state |
| Disinfection | The process of cleaning something, especially with a chemical, in order to destroy bacteria |
| Dissolved Oxygen | Oxygen found in water; the higher the amount of dissolved oxygen, the healthier a water system is for organisms |
| Eutrophication | Excess nutrients (usually nitrates and phosphates from run-off) in a lake or other body of water, which causes a dense growth of plant life and death of animal life from lack of oxygen |
| Filtration | Any of various mechanical, physical or biological operations that separate solids from fluids (liquids or gasses) by adding a medium through which only the fluid can pass |
| Flocculation | Creating favorable conditions in water so that particles will stick together |
| Nitrates | Groundwater contaminant that often times enters the groundwater through fertilizers, animal wastes, and sewage |
| Nonpoint Source Pollution | Pollution that occurs from unidentifiable sources |
| pH (Percent Hydrogen) | A measure of the acidity or basicity of a substance; measured on a scale from 1 - 14 with the lower numbers representing the highest acidity |
| Point Source Pollution | Single, identifiable sources of pollution (In the case of water pollution, examples of point source pollutants might include a pipe, factory releasing pollutants into the water, etc.) |
| Phosphates | Inorganic compound created by the removal or replacement of one, two, or all three hydrogen atoms in phosphoric acid; used in fertilizers and detergents and is a major cause of water pollution |
| Sedimentation | The process of settling or being deposited as a sediment |
| Stewardship | Taking care of something |
| Turbidity | How clear or cloudy water is; water with a high turbidity is more difficult to see through |
| Macroinvertebrates | Any of various invertebrate microorganisms (such as a crayfish or stonefly) |
| Ecotone | A region of transition between two biological communities |
| Chemosynthesis | The process by which certain microbes create energy by mediating chemical reactions |
| Thermohaline Circulation | deep-ocean currents are driven by differences in the water's density, which is controlled by temperature (thermo) and salinity (haline) |
| Surface Current | Almost like a giant, continuous "river" of water flowing horizontally in the upper layer of the ocean. This process is driven by the wind |
| Deep Ocean Current | the slow, continuous, large-scale movements of water that flow thousands of meters beneath the surface, driven by differences in the water's density |
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