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CHN 2

FOR MAAM MAI <3

QuestionAnswer
Demography The science which deals with the study of the human population's size, composition and distribution in space.
Sources of Demographic Data Census, Sample Surveys, Registration System.
Population Census Systematic acquiring and recording information about members of a given population; official count.
Types of Census: De jure People are assigned to a place where they usually live regardless of where they are at the time of the census.
Types of Census: De facto People assigned to a place where they are physically present at the time of the census.
Population Size Allows comparison of population changes over time and planning of health programs.
Natural Increase The difference between the number of births and deaths occurring in a specified period.
Rate of Natural Increase Difference between the Crude Birth Rate and Crude Death Rate in a population during a specified period.
Absolute Increase per Year Number of people added to the population per year (between two censuses).
Relative Increase Difference between two census counts expressed as percent relative to the earlier census.
Population Composition Described commonly by age and sex (sex composition, age composition, age & sex composition).
Sex Ratio Number of males for every 100 females in the population.
Median Age Age that divides the population into two equal parts.
Dependency Ratio Compares economically dependent to economically productive groups in the population.
Population Distribution Helps allocate resources (urban-rural, crowding index, population density).
Vital Statistics Essential tool in forecasting, implementing, monitoring, and evaluating health programs.
Health Indicators Information which determines the health of a community (fertility, morbidity, mortality).
Fertility Rate Example Crude Birth Rate.
Morbidity Rate Examples Incidence Rate and Prevalence Rate.
Mortality Rate Examples Crude Death Rate, Maternal Mortality Rate, Neonatal, Post-neonatal, Infant, and Specific mortality rates.
Susceptible Population Those at risk to develop or acquire the disease.
Immune Population Those that did not experience the disease and have resistance.
Importance of Epidemiology Prevention of disease and prolonging life.
Epidemic An outbreak that is rapidly spreading, occurs in short time, large proportion affected.
Endemic Disease occurs regularly and constantly in a particular region.
Sporadic Intermittent, unpredictable occurrence of disease.
Pandemic Disease across international boundaries.
Epidemiological Triangle Model showing interaction between agent, host, and environment.
Modes of Transmission (Contact) Direct and indirect personal contact.
Droplet Transmission Large particles traveling up to ~3 feet during coughing/sneezing.
Airborne Transmission Droplet nuclei or evaporated droplets suspended in air.
Vehicle Transmission Contaminated items like water, food, blood, drugs.
Vector Transmission Mechanical (flies) or biological (mosquito, louse, flea, tick) transmission.
Vertical Transmission Transmission in utero or during childbirth.
Iatrogenic Transmission Transmission as a result of medical or healthcare interventions.
Herd Immunity Population-level protection when a significant portion is immune (e.g., via vaccination).
Steps in Epidemiological Investigation 1) Establish presence of epidemic, 2) Establish time & space relationship, 3) Relate to group characteristics, 4) Correlate data & draw conclusions.
Monitoring vs Evaluation Monitoring assesses progress; evaluation asks did the program work and was it cost-effective.
Created by: Jon Anderson
 

 



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