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11 - D, S and choice
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Inhibition phenomena | latent inhibition, external inhibition, conditioned inhibition, inhibition of delay, disinhibition |
| latent inhibition | prior exposure to CS without US slows later learning dog hears bell many times b4 food learns slower |
| external inhibition | novel cue during conditioning reduces CR new light distracts dog from salivating to bell |
| inhibition | stop behaviour |
| conditioned inhibition | cs predicts absence of us tone signals no food |
| inhibition of delay | CR withheld until appropriate time dog salivate only near end of 10s tone |
| disinhibition | novel stimulus removes inhibition change of context restores CR |
| Rescorla Wagner and conditioned inhibition | learning occurs ONLY WHEN US OUTCOME IS SURPRISING |
| A CS (condition stimulus) becomes inhibitory | when reliably predicts NO US |
| Discrimination and Generalisation | STIMULUS CONTROL |
| Behaviour | PRECEDING STIMULUS |
| Stimuli (Before) | Behaviour |
| Bell -> Salivation | preceding stimuli |
| shake - paw raise - treat | preceding stimuli |
| Differential responding | Response changes when stimulus changes (S+ and S-) |
| S+ and S- | REPRESENT STIMULUS |
| Response | under stimulus control when behaviour varies with that stimulus |
| Determinants of stimulus control | sensory capacity - can organism detect it sensory orientation - is attention directed to it stimulus salience - STRONGER cues dominate (overshadowing) motivational state - hunger - visual cues - auditory cues stimulus generalisation gradients |
| ALL STIMULUS GENERALISATION GRADIENTS | show balance between discrimination and generalisation |
| Discrimination | Different responses to different stimuli Stop at red, not yellow |
| Generalisation | Same response to similar stimuli Sit or sit down both work (commands for a dog) |
| Pavlov | Generalisation = neural spread of excitation (innate) |
| Ashley and Wade | Generalisation is lack of discrimination training Learning history determines precision more training -> sharper discrimination |
| Humans | rather generalise than discriminate |
| Jenkins and Harrison | No discrimination training - Flat gradient Presence - absence training - Moderate gradient Intradimensional training (tones close in freq) - sharp gradient |
| Discrimination training | Differential reinforcement Pavlovian: S+ with US, S- without Instrumental: response reinforced in S+ not in S- Leads to selective responding to S+ |
| Precision | increases with value/salience of stimulus type of reinforcement number of trials difference between S+ and S- |
| Generalisation training | Encourages broad responding across stimuli (different fonts = same word) |
| Stimulus equivalence training | reward all examples of a category eg pigeons peck any image of water -> concept of water |
| Concept learning | learning respond to categories, not single instances |
| Concept learning theories | Exemplar theory - Based on stored specific examples Prototype theory - Compare to an "average" mental example Feature theory - Check for defining features |
| Feature theory explained | We mistake AI faces for real -> match our "mental prototype" of human |
| Choice Behaviour | Choice = selection between behaviours with different reinforcement histories |
| The Matching Law | Behaviour allocation MATCHES reinforcement proportions Extended form (includes quality) |
| Key Ideas | Behaviour distributed relatively, not absolutely Competing reinforcers (apps, food, social options) share limited attention/time Reinforcers quality and availability influence choice Reinforcement relativity and optimisation |
| Organisms | often match reinforcement ratios rather than fully optimise them |
| Choice Behaviour broken down | Predictable under concurrent schedules (VI30s) |
| Self control and Delay Discounting | Conflict: Small immediate vs large delayed rewards |
| Value of reward decreases with delay (Ainslie Rachlin) | More delay to reward = Less value of the reward |
| Improving self control | Behavioural Precommitment (remove temptation) Self reinforcement Punish impulsive choices Cognitive: visualise goals, distract from temptations |
| SELF CONTROL | BEHAVIOURAL AND COGNITIVE |
| Discrimination | Respond differently to DISTINCT cues Stop at RED not YELLOW |
| Generalisation | Extend learning to similar cues Stop at Reddish lights |
| Inhibition | Withold or Suppress response Tone predicts no food |
| Stimulus control | Behaviour governed by SPECIFIC stimulus STIMULUS CONTROLS THE BEHAVIOUR "SHAKE" -> PAW RAISE |
| Matching Law | Behaviour Ratios = Reinforcement Ratios 2/3 responses left key, 2/3 responses left key |
| Delay Discounting | Future rewards lose value over time Sleep over studying |
Created by:
brendonpizarro1