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Earth 2

Lecture 10+

QuestionAnswer
What is Mitigation Mapping and Modeling? It involves delineation in past deposits.
What is modeled in Mitigation Mapping and Modeling? Winds and ejecta amounts for aerial impacts.
How is topography used in Mitigation Mapping and Modeling? To estimate flow directions.
What type of analysis is conducted in Mitigation Mapping and Modeling? Probabilistic analysis of threat, vulnerability, and risk.
Is eruption prediction feasible in Mitigation Mapping and Modeling? Yes, with certain parameters.
Issues with predicting Volcanoes The volcano may erupt immediately, volcano may take days or weeks to erupt, volcano could go back to sleep and not erupt
Emergency plan kit for volcanoes respiratory mask, spare contact lenses, solution, glasses, plastic and tape to seal out ash
Cascading Hazard Processes A primary trigger such as heavy rainfall, seismic activity, or snow melt, followed by a chain or web of consequences that can cause subsequent hazards
Taan Fiord Didn't exist in 1960
On the maps in the slides for land slides red is for elevation decrease
On the maps in the slides for land slides green is for elevation increase
Montecito mud slides severe forest fires previous summer. Heavy rain, though not dramatically heavy. No warning in this case
Water's polar structure makes it both cohesive and adhesive. Also causes it to expand when freezing. Very important for weathering
organisms that live on rocks epilith
organisms that live in rocks endolith
Biochemical weathering epilith and endoliths. derive sustenance from them through digestive enzymes
Chemical weathering Hydrolysis and oxidation. Water or oxygen chemically combine with minerals to create new minerals with different properties (softer) mostly they turn to clays or very fine material that is easily eroded
Hydrolysis Water combines with feldspar and micas to form clay minerals which are soft, breaking down the rock
Oxidation Oxygen combines with Iron to form Iron Oxide, which is soft, breaking down the rock
Chemical weathering, dissolution, when humans help Chemicals are formed: sulfurous acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid. pH of 3 instead of neutral 7. many statues are made of marble (calcium carbonate) so they are susceptible to dissolution
Mechanical weathering Abrasion, Exfoliation, Frost Wedging, Root Pry
Root Pry Seeds germinate in cracks in rocks. Water filling growing cells opens cracks wider, breaking the rocks into smaller pieces. Over long periods of time, plants will break large rocks into tiny pieces
Frost Wedging Water seeps into cracks, temperature decreases and water begins to freeze, water expands when freezing, ice pushes the crack wider, when ice melts it seeps deeper into the crack, continuing the cycle
Exfoliation DOES NOT REQUIRE WATER AS AN AGENT. consistent thermal change causes alterations in thermal expansion and contraction at the very surface. This causes stress in the rock, breaking it in thin layers, parallel to the surface
How sharp changes in temperature affect rocks Rocks are very good insulators, they are not very thermally conductive. When hot, rock surface expands, because internal rock remains cool, it creates stress. At night, the surface cools and contracts which causes stress in other dir. repeat
Abrasion by water Water can pick up material and smash it against other material causing abrasion. Riverbeds cut into rock, eventually lead to natural bridges
Abrasion Not only are the materials being impacted getting worn away, but so are the impactors. If we see well rounded and smooth grains, we can infer an environment with fluid currents
Once material is broken down by weathering There are two options: gravity or friction. If friction wins, stuff stays put and continues weathering.
Which variables play an important part in how a soil develops (when friction wins) Topography, climate, parent material, and organisms
Created by: user-1996284
 

 



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