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AP BIo Modle 17-18
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What type of reaction is cellular respiration? | A exergonic and catabolic reaction |
| Reduction (to reduce) | the process of adding electrons |
| Oxidation (to oxidize) | the process of removing electrons |
| FAD/FADH and NAD/NADH | - electron carriers/shuttles which move electrons during cellular respiration - FAD and NAH = oxidized form and FADH and NADH= reduced form - FAD is made during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle - NAD is made during Krebs cycle |
| Substrate level phosphorlaytion | - when the substrate of a enzyme is used to transfer phosphate to ADP to make ATP -enzyme hydrolyzes substrate and adds P to ADP |
| Electron transport chain | - the protein complex in the mitocondrial membrane that transfers electrons to final acceptor oxygen --uses electrons and energy from NADH and FADH to pump protons (H⁺) into the intermembrane space, creating a proton gradient for ATP Synthase |
| ATP Synthase Pase | a enzyme that uses the flow of protons across a membrane turn ADP + Pi into ATP -it does so by rotating after H+ flows through it to make mechanical energy which changes the shape of ATP synthase - the change shape lets it turn ADP+Pi=ATP |
| Oxidative Phosphorlaytion | -final stage of cellular respiration - a process of making ATP from ADP and P using oxygen and the electron transport chain - occurs in Inner mitochondrial membrane |
| Explain the process of Oxidative Phosphorlaytion | electrons are transported into the electron transport chain by NADH and FADH which H+ ions to flow through the ATP Synthase - O2 accepts H+ protons to make H2O -the movement of H+ creates energy for ATP production -this process makes 38 ATP |
| Glycolysis | - the process of breaking down glucose -takes place in the cytoplasm |
| Describe the process of Glycolysis | -glucose is broken down into 2 pyruvate that have 3 carbon each -ATP is created via substrate level Phosphorylation |
| Inputs and outputs of Glycolysis | Inputs: 1 Glucose (6c), 2 NAD+ ,2 ATP Outputs: 2 Pyruvate (3C each), 2 NADH, 4 ATP (total gain of 2 ATP) |
| Describe Link reaction (pyruvate oxidation) | - pyruvate is oxidized into acetyl -acetyl and CoA combine to make acetyl CoA -NAD+ is reduced into NADH (using the energy from pyruvate) -CO2 is released |
| Inputs and outputs of Link Reaction (per glucose) | - Inputs: 2 pyruvate molecules, 2 NAD+, and 2 coenzyme A (CoA) -Outputs: 2 acetyl CoA, 2 carbon dioxide molecules, and 2 NADH |
| Krebs (citric acid) cycle | -Acetyl-CoA (2C) combines with oxaloacetate (4C) → forms citrate (6C). - Citrate is oxidized to make 4 CO2 molecules Substrate-level Phosphorlaytion is used to make ATP -occurs only if oxygen is available -occurs in Mitochondrial matrix |
| Inputs and outputs of Kerbs cycle (per glucose) | Inputs: 2 Acetyl-CoA, 6 NAD⁺, 2 FAD, 2 ADP +2 Pi, 2 H₂O (used for hydrolysis) Outputs: 6 NADH, 2 FADH₂ 2 ATP, 4 CO₂ |
| Fructose | -the stored version of glucose in plants |
| Glycogen | -the stored version of glucose in animals - |
| Redox reactions | -chemical reactions where electrons are transferred from one atom to another - "redox" refers to reduction (electrons gain) and oxidation (electron loss) |
| Anaerobic respiration (Fermentation) | -Process of generating ATP without oxygen. -Purpose: Regenerates NAD⁺ from NADH so glycolysis can continue producing ATP. -Yields 2 ATP per glucose (from glycolysis). - located in the cytoplasm |
| Lactic Acid Fermentation | -occurs in animal muscle cells -Glucose breaks down into 2 Pyruvate (3C) which break down into 2 Lactic acid (3C) + 2 ATP -Lactic acid is used to restart the cycle by regenerating NAD+ |
| Alcoholic (Ethanol) Fermentation | -occurs in yeast -Glucose breaks down into 2 Pyruvate (3C each) which break down into 2 Ethanol (2C each) + 2 CO₂ + 2 ATP - 2 CO2 were released when Pyruvate turn into ethanol |
| Chemiosmosis | -occurs in inner mitochondrial membrane |
| Input and output of Anaerobic respiration (Fermentation) | Input: 2 Pyruvate (3C) and 2 NADH Outputs: 2 NAD+, 2 ATP, and either lactase or ethanol |
| Input and output of Oxidative Phosphorlaytion | Input:10 NADH (2 glycolysis + 2 link + 6 Krebs) , 2 FADH₂ (from Krebs) , O₂ (final electron acceptor), and ADP + Pi Output: ~34 ATP and H₂O |
| Chemiosomosis | the passive transport of H+ (protons) which produces energy to make ATP -second part of Oxidative Phosphorlaytion -occurs in Inner mitochondrial membrane |
| Explain Chemiosomosis | -Electron transport chain pumps H⁺ ions into the intermembrane space -H⁺ ions flow back through ATP synthase, causing it to rotate. -the mechanical energy produced by them rotating changes the shape of ATP synthase letting it turn ADP+ Pi into ATP |
| Why is the amount of ATP produced by cellular respiration a range? | -Some energy is lost as heat during reactions. -ATP synthase is not 100% efficient ; typically only about 40% of glucose’s energy is captured as ATP, the rest is released as heat. |
| How many ATP is made per NADH? | 3 |
| How many ATP is made per FADH? | 2 |
| Why is it important that a majority of chemical reactions release more energy as heat than they use? | because that heat is used to keep us warm and light |
| How effective is Aerobic respiration at converting glucose into ATP? | it is 40% effective |
| describe Versatility in metabolism | -all macromolecules can be used as fuel for cellular respiration - order of use for fuel: #1 carbohydrates (glycolysis) #2 Fats ( link and glycolysis) #3 Proteins (glycolysis, link and citric cycle) |
| proton-motive force | an electrochemical gradient of protons across a membrane that drives ATP synthesis during chemiosomosis |
| Describe why the proton gradient of the electron transport chain is an electrochemical gradient. | it has a difference in H⁺ concentration (higher in the intermembrane space, lower in the matrix). it has a difference in charge (the intermembrane space is more positive than the matrix). |
| Describe uncoupling agents and discuss their effect on the electron transport chain. | -make the inner mitochondrial membrane permeable to (H⁺). -protons are able to flow back into the matrix without passing through ATP synthase. ATP isn't made because the proton gradient energy is lost as heat instead of being used for ATP production by |
| Describe how the movement of electrons along the electron transport chain leads to the generation of a proton gradient. | -As electrons are passed through the protein complexes of the electron transport chain -their energy is used to pump H⁺ ions from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space. -This creates a high H⁺ concentration outside the matrix |
| Identify a time or condition when aerobic organisms could favor fermentation over oxidative phosphorylation. | When oxygen is unavailable or insufficient (anaerobic conditions), such as: During intense exercise when muscles use oxygen faster than it can be supplied |
| Describe the difference in glycolysis that results from a lack of oxygen. | Under aerobic conditions, NADH donates electrons to the electron transport chain, regenerating NAD⁺. Without oxygen, the electron transport chain stops, so NADH cannot be oxidized back to NAD⁺. -lactase or ethanol is used to regenerate NAD |
| Explain the pathway of lactic acid (lactase) fermentation | Glucose → 2 Pyruvate → 2 Lactic acid (lactic acid regenerates NAD⁺ to do glycolysis again) |
| Explain the pathway of ethanol fermentation | Glucose → 2 Pyruvate → 2 Ethanol + 2 CO₂ (ethanol regenerates NAD⁺ to do glycolysis again) |
| What stage of cellular respiration is the electron transport chain used for | -used for first part of oxidative phosphorlaytion |
| Uncoupling agents | substances that disrupt the process of oxidative phosphorylation, separating the electron transport chain from ATP synthase pase preventing it form making ATP |
Created by:
KenechukwuIE