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APUSH Period 4 Vocab
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Marbury vs. Madison (1803) | Supreme Court case that established the principle of judicial review, giving the Court power to declare laws unconstitutional. |
| Chief Justice John Marshall | Fourth Chief Justice of the Supreme Court who strengthened the power of the federal government and established judicial review. |
| Judicial Review | The power of the Supreme Court to declare laws or executive actions unconstitutional. |
| Barbary Pirates | North African pirates who attacked U.S. ships, leading to conflicts that tested America’s naval strength under Jefferson. |
| Louisiana Purchase | The 1803 acquisition of French territory that doubled the size of the U.S. and opened the West for expansion. |
| Lewis & Clark Expedition | An expedition commissioned by Jefferson to explore the Louisiana Territory and find a route to the Pacific Ocean. |
| Aaron Burr | Jefferson’s vice president who killed Alexander Hamilton in a duel and was later tried for treason. |
| Impressment | The British practice of seizing American sailors and forcing them into the Royal Navy, a cause of the War of 1812. |
| Embargo Act of 1807 | Law that banned all American exports to pressure Britain and France but hurt the U.S. economy instead. |
| James Madison | Fourth U.S. president known as the “Father of the Constitution” who led the nation during the War of 1812. |
| War of 1812 | Conflict between the U.S. and Britain over trade restrictions, impressment, and frontier tensions. |
| Tecumseh | Shawnee leader who tried to unite Native tribes to resist U.S. expansion and allied with the British in the War of 1812. |
| Battle of Tippecanoe | 1811 battle in which U.S. forces defeated Tecumseh’s confederation, weakening Native resistance in the Northwest. |
| War Hawks | Young congressmen, mostly from the South and West, who pushed for war with Britain before 1812. |
| Francis Scott Key | Wrote “The Star-Spangled Banner” after witnessing the British attack on Fort McHenry in 1814. |
| Treaty of Ghent | 1814 agreement that ended the War of 1812, restoring prewar borders without addressing maritime issues. |
| Hartford Convention | Meeting of New England Federalists opposing the War of 1812; their perceived disloyalty helped end the party. |
| Battle of New Orleans | Final battle of the War of 1812 where Andrew Jackson’s forces defeated the British, boosting U.S. pride. |
| Macon’s Bill No. 2 | 1810 law reopening trade with Britain and France but promising to cut off trade with one if the other stopped restrictions. |
| Erie Canal | Canal completed in 1825 connecting the Hudson River to Lake Erie, boosting trade and western settlement. |
| Samuel F. Morse | Inventor of the telegraph and Morse code, revolutionizing long-distance communication. |
| Eli Whitney | Inventor of the cotton gin and promoter of interchangeable parts, transforming agriculture and manufacturing. |
| Cyrus Hall McCormick | Inventor of the mechanical reaper, which increased farm productivity. |
| Lowell System | Factory system using young women workers in textile mills, offering housing and education but strict control. |
| Market Revolution | Shift in the early 1800s toward a national economy based on industry, transportation, and commercial farming. |
| Industrial Revolution | Period of rapid industrial growth marked by mechanization, factory work, and technological innovation. |
| “Cult of Domesticity” | Cultural ideal promoting women’s roles as homemakers and moral guardians of the family. |
| Irish Potato Famine | 1840s famine that caused mass starvation and led millions of Irish immigrants to the U.S. |
| Nativism | Anti-immigrant sentiment favoring native-born Americans and opposing foreign influence. |
| Know-Nothing Party | Anti-immigrant and anti-Catholic political party of the 1850s officially known as the American Party. |
| German Immigration | Migration of Germans to the U.S. seeking political freedom and economic opportunity, many settling in the Midwest. |
| Irish Immigration | Mass movement of Irish to the U.S. escaping famine and poverty, many taking low-wage urban jobs. |
| John C. Calhoun | Southern politician who defended states’ rights and slavery; advocate of nullification. |
| Henry Clay | Congressman known as the “Great Compromiser” for his role in the Missouri Compromise and the American System. |
| Daniel Webster | Senator from Massachusetts who supported federal power and opposed nullification. |
| Tariff of 1816 | First protective tariff designed to support American manufacturing after the War of 1812. |
| “American System” | Henry Clay’s plan to promote economic growth through tariffs, internal improvements, and a national bank. |
| James Monroe | Fifth U.S. president whose administration is known for the “Era of Good Feelings” and the Monroe Doctrine. |
| “Era of Good Feelings” | Period of national unity and political harmony following the War of 1812. |
| Oregon Country | Region in the Pacific Northwest jointly occupied by the U.S. and Britain until the 1846 Oregon Treaty. |
| Panic of 1819 | Economic depression caused by speculation, bank failures, and declining demand for U.S. goods. |
| Missouri Compromise 1820 | Agreement admitting Missouri as a slave state and Maine as free, banning slavery north of 36°30′ latitude. |
| Gibbons vs. Ogden (1824) | Supreme Court case affirming federal authority over interstate commerce. |
| Monroe Doctrine 1823 | Policy warning European nations against colonizing or interfering in the Americas. |
| Andrew Jackson | Seventh president known for his populist style, expansion of presidential power, and support for Indian removal. |
| “Corrupt Bargain” | 1824 alleged deal between John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay to secure Adams’s presidency. |
| John Quincy Adams | Sixth president who promoted national development and faced opposition from Jacksonians. |
| Spoils System | Practice of rewarding political supporters with government jobs. |
| Nullification Crisis | Confrontation between South Carolina and the federal government over tariff enforcement. |
| Trail of Tears | Forced relocation of Native Americans from the Southeast to Indian Territory, causing thousands of deaths. |
| Indian Removal Act | 1830 law authorizing the forced removal of Native tribes west of the Mississippi River. |
| Martin Van Buren | Eighth president whose term was marked by the Panic of 1837 and economic hardship. |
| Tariff of 1832 | Modified tariff that failed to resolve Southern opposition, leading to the Nullification Crisis. |
| Anti-Masonic Party | First third party in U.S. history, opposing the influence of the secretive Masonic order. |
| Specie Circular | 1836 executive order requiring payment for public lands in gold or silver, contributing to the Panic of 1837. |
| Panic of 1837 | Financial crisis triggered by bank failures and the Specie Circular, leading to a major depression. |
| Uncle Tom’s Cabin | 1852 novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe exposing the cruelties of slavery and fueling abolitionism. |
| “Peculiar Institution” | Euphemism used by Southerners to refer to the system of slavery. |
| Paternalism | Southern justification for slavery portraying enslavers as benevolent caretakers of enslaved people. |
| Yeomen Farmers | Independent small landowners who worked their own farms and formed the backbone of Southern society. |
| Mulattoes | People of mixed African and European ancestry, often a small class between enslaved and white populations. |
| “Spirituals” | Religious folk songs created by enslaved African Americans expressing faith and hope for freedom. |
| Nat Turner’s Rebellion | 1831 slave revolt in Virginia that intensified Southern fears and led to harsher slave laws. |
| Transcendentalism | Philosophical movement emphasizing individual intuition, nature, and self-reliance. |
| Shakers | Religious group practicing celibacy, communal living, and equality of the sexes. |
| Second Great Awakening | Religious revival movement that encouraged reform and moral improvement in early 1800s America. |
| Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints | Religious group founded by Joseph Smith, also known as the Mormons. |
| American Temperance Society | Organization promoting abstinence from alcohol to reduce social problems. |
| Horace Mann | Education reformer who advocated for public schools and standardized education. |
| Ralph Waldo Emerson | Transcendentalist writer who emphasized self-reliance, nature, and individualism. |
| Henry David Thoreau | Transcendentalist author of *Walden* who promoted civil disobedience and simple living. |
| Emily Dickenson | Reclusive poet known for innovative, introspective poetry exploring death and spirituality. |
| Edgar Allan Poe | Writer known for gothic tales and poems exploring death, emotion, and the human psyche. |
| Dorthea Lynde Dix | Reformer who campaigned for better treatment of the mentally ill and improved asylums. |
| Elizabeth Cady Stanton | Leader of the women’s rights movement and co-organizer of the Seneca Falls Convention. |
| Abolition | Movement to end slavery in the United States. |
| William Lloyd Harrison | Abolitionist and editor of *The Liberator*, calling for immediate emancipation. |
| Fredrick Douglas | Former enslaved man who became a leading abolitionist, orator, and writer. |
| Underground Railroad | Secret network helping enslaved people escape to freedom in the North or Canada. |
| Harriet Tubman | Former enslaved woman and leading conductor on the Underground Railroad. |
| Sojourner Truth | Abolitionist and women’s rights activist who spoke powerfully against slavery and inequality. |
| Seneca Falls Convention | 1848 meeting launching the women’s rights movement and issuing the Declaration of Sentiments. |
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