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Chapter 4 Byzantine
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Byzantine Empire | centered Constantinople. end of the roman empire and carried legacy of roman greatness. only classical society to survive into the modern age. reached peak during reign Justinian. very christian and emperors used "god chose them to rule " |
| Constantinople | purposefully built capital of Byzantine empires. translates as ¨city of Constantine¨, after the emperor who founded it. It was Constantinople for a long time until fell to the ottoman turks who renamed it Istanbul, which is what it is known as today. |
| Caesaropapism | the mixing of political and religious authority, Roman emperors, that was central to the church-versus-state controversy in medieval Europe. This idea had the emperor ruling as a secular lord but also playing a prominent role in ecclesiastical affairs. |
| Justinian | He was an Important early emperor of the Byzantine empire. He reigned from 527-565 C.E. The empire was at its best under his rule and he ruled with his wife Theodora |
| Theodora | Theodora was most likely a prostitute before she married Justinian, and Justinian made her look much better by making her equal to him. She was very smart and even ruled the empire when Justinian was away. |
| Corpus iuris civilis | Body of civil law, Byzantizine Justinian's codification of Roman law. It was a mix of greek and rome laws, and he tried to balance out how strict the law should be. Justinian mixed them together to create corpus iuris civilis, or Justinian's law |
| Greek Fire | incendiary weapons used at sea by Byzantine forces 7-8 centuries. It was a liquid where if you lit it on fire it would burn hot. poured it on water enemy ships went through, when enough ships there, shot fire arrows and the ships got on fire. |
| Charlemagne | ruler of Carolingian empire 748-814. brought high point in the Frankish realm in the west. temporarily brought centralized imperial rule & created Missi dominici. He expanded his rule all the way to northeastern Spain, Bavaria, Italy, and even Rome. |
| Missi Dominici | ´envoys of the lord ruler¨ the noble and church emissaries sent out by Charlemagne. Missi Dominici travel annually to all the jurisdictions and reviewed accounts of local authorities. could choose whatever punishment they saw fit, |
| Hagia Sophia | a magnificent domed church constructed under Justinian. |
| Theme system | imperial provinces called themes were placed under the authority of a general who assumed responsibility for both military and civil administration. |
| Franks | the most successful and most influential of the Germanic peoples. |
| Carolingian dynasty | founded by Charles Martel (Carolus in Latin) in the eighth century. |
| Louis the Pious | Charlemagne’s only surviving son. Lacked Charlemagne’s strong will and military skills. Local authorities increasingly pursued their own interests. Louis’s three sons disputed the inheritance of the empire. |
| In the late eighth century, three groups of invaders pillaged the Frankish realm. | From the south, Muslims. From the east, Magyars—descendants of nomadic peoples who had settled in Hungary. From the north, Vikings. |
| The Norse seafarers known as Vikings turned their maritime skills toward raiding and plundering. | Originally named for a group from Vik in southern Norway. Built rugged, shallow-draft boats outfitted both with sails and with oars—which enabled them to make their way up rivers to access interior regions of Europe. |
| Christian monasteries provided a variety of social services. | Spiritual counsel to local laity. Relief efforts in times of natural or other calamities. Served as orphanages and as inns for travelers. |
| Some monks sought to spread Christianity more widely. | In the late sixth century, Pope Gregory I sent missionaries to England to convert the Germanic kings. The Franks and Charlemagne later sponsored missions to northern Germany and Scandinavia. |
| The churches of Constantinople and Rome experienced increasing friction, both political and religious. | The iconoclastic movement was just one issue. Some differences were relatively minor. Others concerned substantive theological matters— such as the precise relationship between God, Jesus, and the Holy Spirit. |
| what caused a schism between the two churches to this day | In 1054, the patriarch and pope mutually excommunicated each other. |
| Monasticism | a religious and ascetic way of life in which a person renounces worldly pursuits. |
| what monasteries gained influence with the work of reformers. | St. Basil of Caesarea Byzantium. St. Benedict of Nursia Italy. Individuals lived communal, celibate lives under direction of abbots. St. Scholastica: 482–543 St. Benedict’s sister, who adapted the Benedictine rule for women living in convents. |
| Iconoclasm | ¨The breaking of Icons¨ The movement that was started by the Byzantine emperor Leo III to destroy religious icons' religious images because their veneration was considered sinful. It was a very divisive ecclesiastical policy. |
| Monasticism | A very religious and ascetic way of life in which a person renounces worldly pursuits and lives in a community of shared rule and discipline. They were very focused on spiritual development. |
| Pope Gregory | responsible charting independent course for roman church590-604 mobilized resourcesy organized defense of Rome, reasserted claims to papal primacy (the notion that the bishop of Rome was ultimate authority). And he emphasized the sacrament of penance. |
| Odovacer | A germanic general who deposed the last of the western roman emperors, but did not do anything with the possible position as emperor, creating a power vacuum that would be filled with different groups of people trying for power. |
| Explain the Christian Religious Rivalry that developed? | They dissagreed on western priests shaved their beards. used unleaved bread during mass and relationship between God, Jesus and holy spirit. west against iconoclasm and the Byzantin empire loving the idea of iconoclasm in the east. |
| What was the role of missionaries, why were they so important and evaluate if they were successful, why or why not? | When Pope Gregory sent some missionaries out to Germanic kings in hope of the entire kingdom converting in 800 they were very successful and the Christian world grew significantly. |
| What was the difference between St. Basil and St. Benedict? | St. basil was for the eastern orthodox church and st benedic was for the western catholic church. |
| Why was iconoclasm so important? | . This sparked a lot of riots because a lot of people were heavily against this act and debates about iconoclasm went on for over a century. Only 843 CE did Leo's followers abandon the policy. |
| Who was Pope Gregory I and what was his importance? | He was a monk who became Pope. Pope Gregory was the individual most responsible for the creation of a more independent Roman church. |
| Describe the Papacy. | The popes used to cooperate with the Byzantine empire but eventually they acted more independently and worked on strengthening the western Christian church and distinguishing it from the eastern Christian church. |
| Papacy | The office of authority of the pope that claimed spiritual authority over all lands that used to be in the Roman empire |
| In detail, what happened to the population? | There was a huge disease that caused an epidemic. Decreasy from 36m to 19m in the Byzantine empire and 7m in the west. new foods from Muslim world that gave them a larger diet. Their population rose again because of this. |
| What was Feudalism? | A system of mutual obligations where lower members of society give military service, crop yield, and labor in return for protection against invasions. |
| What role did the peasants play in the system? | Peasants provided labor work and portions of their food and stuff as a kind of rent for lords and retainers in return for land. Male peasants worked for 3 days a week while also providing additional labor services. Women peasants did things at home. |
| Rural Society | In western Europe, Germanic invasions made things harder and small agricultural surpluses were not enough to sustain the non elites. Towns only barely survived, serving more as economic hubs of surrounding regions than a center of activity. |
| Attractions | Baths were very big in Constantinople and there were also a lot of taverns and restaurants for social gatherings. The hippodrome was a place for mass entertainment. |
| City life | The aristocrats owned big places like libraries, mansions, courtyards, chapels.Imperial women lived in separate apartments and did not participate in many activities. Artisans and craft workers did not have a great living space. |
| Byzantine Urban Society | . They were probably the most urbanized society. The city of Constantinople was called “the city”, and the heart of it was the lavish imperial palace. |
| Norse Merchant-Mariners | They linked western Europe with the realm of Islam by tradung. The Carolingian empire relied heavily on this connection and traded with them all the time. This let the western empire be a part of the bigger trading networks even with their situation. |
| Trade in Western Europe | , using local markets and itinerant peddlers moving from one settlement to another to sell things. They also maintained trade with christian merchants from italy and spain who traded with other muslims, linking western europe with the world. |
| Heavy Plows | The heavy plow was much more efficient at getting rid of weeds than the light plow that they used to use. They started to use horses to pull the plows. They increased the cultivation of many foods and gave the Europeans a fuller diet. |
| Byzantine Trade | The Byzantine empire drew enormous wealth from controlling trade.They added value by further processing things that passed through to Europe and sold them again for even more money. The byzantine empire was so dominant in trade. |
| Silk | SIlk became very popularly manufactured after 2 monks from Persia traveled to China and observed their ways of making silk. Because it got so popular. |
| Manufacturing | The Byzantine cities, especially Constantinople, were huge in manufacturing because of all the cities' many artisans and craft workers. They produced a lot of glassware, linen, woolen textiles, gems, jewelry, and fine gold and silver. |
| Describe the economy in early medieval Europe? | eastern europe doing good economically and it had abundant food sources and merchants had a lot of commercial networks. western Europe doing bad agriculturally decline with more invasions disrupting affairs. 10thcenturyPeriod stability politicallyhelped |
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