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AP Chapter 6
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Axial Skeleton | vertical, central axis of the body |
| Axial Skeleton | head, chest, neck, & back |
| Appendicular Skeleton | upper & lower limbs; bones that attached each limb to the axial skeleton |
| # of bones in human body | 206 |
| Bone markings | Articulations, Projections, & Holes |
| Articulations | Joints; 2 bone surfaces come tg |
| Projections | attachment points for tendons & ligaments |
| Holes | An opening/groove allow blood vessels & nerves to enter the bone |
| Organic compounds | fibers and blood |
| Organic compounds | provide surface for inorganic salt crystals to adhere |
| Hydroxyapatites | inorganic compounds |
| Inorganic compounds | form when Ca++ phosphate & Ca++ carbonate combine |
| Bone's hardness & strength | inorganic salts |
| Inorganic compounds | incorporate inorganic salts on the collagen fibers |
| Collagen fibers | gives tensile strength & stress resistant (allow flexibility) on bones |
| Long bones | Length > Width |
| Short bones | Length approx. = width |
| Sesamoid bones | small & round; embedded in tendons |
| Flat bones | thin & curved |
| Irregular bones | complex shapes |
| Shaft | a space; medullary cavity; no sponge |
| Medullary cavity | hollow region; filled w/ yellow marrow |
| Shaft | diaphysis; composed of dense and hard compact bone |
| Epiphyses | wider sections and filled with spongy bone; red-marrow filled |
| Epiphyses | covered w/ articular (hyaline) cartilage |
| Articular cartilage | from joint surfaces and reduces friction in epiphyses |
| Circumferential Lamellae | outer surface of compact bone under the periosteum |
| Circumferential Lamellae | inner surface of compact bone under the endosteum |
| Interstitial Lamellae | between osteons |
| Metaphysis | Narrow area containing epiphyseal (growth) plate |
| Fracture in youth | disrupt bone growth & imbalance bones |
| Endosteum | bone growth, repair, & remodel occur |
| Periosteum | fibrous membrane, nourish compact bone (vessels), tendons & ligaments are attached. |
| Periosteum | consists nutrient artery |
| Osteon | building unit of compact bone |
| Osteocytes | bone cells |
| Canaliculi | "arms"; tiny canals for communication |
| Lamellae | consists of Collagen fibers & CaPo4 salt |
| Spongy bone | has no osteon bc it has no central lamellae |
| Spongy bone | random tension/structure for shock absorption |
| Spongy bone | trabeculae replaced osteon |
| Intramembranous Ossification | uses a fibrous CT template |
| Intramembranous Ossification | flat bones - cranial bones; clavicle (collar bones), skull, & leftover fontanelle |
| Bones in length growth | primary & secondary ossification |
| Primary ossification | epiphyseal side: cartilage formation (shaft) |
| Secondary ossification | cartilage is ossified & diaphysis grows in length |
| Bones in width growth | osteoblasts deposit new bone while osteoclasts reabsorb old done |
| Hypocalcemia | abnormally low level of Ca++ |
| Osteoporosis | bone resorption rate > bone producing rate |
| Harversian canal | center of osteon |
| Volkmann's canal | side/right angles of osteo |
| Endochondral Ossification | uses a model hyaline cartilage |
| Endochondral Ossification | all bones but skull & clavicle |
| Pituary gland | secretes growth hormone (controls bone growth) |
| Thyroxine | promotes osteoblastic activity; synthesis of bone matrix |
| Sex hormones (estrogen & testosterone) | promotes osteoblasts; product bone matrix; growth spurt during adolescence |
| Parathoiyd (PTH) & Calcitonin | affect osteoclasts; bone modeling/remodeling |
| PTH gland tumor | calcium regulation fails leading to love Ca++ levels; osteoclasts decreases and lead to hypocalcemia (bone become brittle) |
| Bone Formation & Development in Embryonic stage | 6-7 weeks |
| Intramembranous ossification | has blood vessels; inside = spongy and out = compact |
| Intramembranous ossification | replace membrane cartilage |
| Intramembranous ossification | Osteoblast will produce from inside to out |
| Mesenchymal cell | produce osteogenic |
| Osteogenic | produce osteoblasts & secrete osteoid |
| Osteoblasts | produce osteocytes |
| Thyroid gland's calcitonin | lower Ca++ levels; osteoblast activity > osteoclast activity |
| Thyroid gland's calcitonin | ask kidney & small intestine to stop absorbing Ca++ |
| Parathyroid gland hormones | increase Ca++ levels; osteoblast activity < osteoclast activity |
| Parathyroid gland hormones | ask kidney & small intestine to absorb Ca++ help; vitamin Escalation |
| Osteoblast > osteoclast | too dense bone |
| Osteoclast > osteoblast | too weak bone |
| Primary ossification | starts in the shaft at 9 weeks |
| Secondary ossification | starts in the epiphysis at 36 weeks & replace the Hyaline cartilage |
| Purpose of secondary ossification | To remain cartilage for growth later on (puberty) via epiphyseal plate |
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