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A&P Integumentary
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Describe keratinocytes | produce keratin (protective protein), 90% of epidermis |
| describe the function of melanocytes | produce pigment that is absorbed by nearby epidermal cells, protects keratinocytes from UV |
| Describe Dendritic Cells | AKA Langerhans cells, ingest foreign invaders and activate the immune system |
| Describe Tactile Epithelial Cells | AKA Merkel Cells, sit between dermis and epidermis, merge w/nerves to create sensory receptors |
| What are the 6 functions of the skin? | 1)Protection 2)Balance fluids 3)Sensations 4)Temp regulation 5)Waste excretion (sweat) 6)Vitamin D production |
| How many layers are in the epidermis? | 4-5 layers of stratified squamous epithelial cells |
| What are the 4 types of epidermal cells? | 1)Keratinocytes 2)Melanocytes 3)Dendritic (langerhans) cells 4)Tactile Epithelial (merkel) cells |
| Describe the stratum corneum (top layer) | layer of 20-30 dead cells, thick and keratinized to protect underlying cells, regularly shed |
| Describe Stratum lucidum (second most superficial layer) | thin, translucent cells only found in the palms and soles of feet |
| Describe the stratum granulosum (third most superficial layer) | cells start flattening here. This layer accumulates keratin and water-proofs the skin |
| Describe the stratum spinosum (forth most superficial layer) | spiny shaped cells, several cells thick, contain pre-keratin filaments |
| Describe the stratum basale (bottom layer) | constantly dividing and pushing cells up into the next layer |
| In what two layers of the epidermis are melanocytes found? | Stratum basale and stratum spinosum |
| How does melanoma develop? | UV causes a mutation in DNA causing melanocytes to rapidly divide |
| Define basale cell carcinoma | division of stratum basale cells |
| describe squamous cell carcinoma | division of stratum spinosum cells |
| What type of tissue is the dermis composed of | dense irregular connective tissue |
| what are the four things found in the dermis | 1)nerves 2)blood vessels 3)sweat glands 4)hair follicles |
| What is the dermal papillae? | The boundary between the epidermis and dermis that causes epidermal ridges/fingerprints |
| What are the two layers of the dermis? | 1)Papillary layer 2)Reticular layer |
| Describe the Papillary dermal layer | top layer, composed of loose connective tissue, 20% of dermis |
| Describe the Reticular layer | bottom layer, composed of bundles of collagen fibers, 80% of dermis |
| What are lines of cleavage? | Lines causes by the arrangement of the collagen fibers in the Reticular layer |
| What is erythema? | Skin appearing red |
| What is cyanosis? | Skin appearing blue |
| What is jaundice? | skin appearing yellow |
| why does erythema occur during exercise | blood vessels swell |
| What are decubitus ulcures? | AKA bed sores, occur with prolonged restricted blood flow |
| describe cyanosis | blood vessels that don't get enough oxygen appear darker/blue |
| What are the two types of cyanosis? | 1) Central cyanosis 2)Peripheral cyanosis |
| Describe Central cyanosis | cyanosis of the lips, tongue, and skin, causes by problems with heart or lungs |
| Describe Peripheral cyanosis | cyanosis of fingers and toes causes by poor circulation of the cold (can lead to hypothermia) |
| Describe jaundice | yellow bile accumulation in the bloodstream caused by liver disorders |
| Describe the anatomy of the hypodermis (AKA subcutaneous layer) | not actually part of the skin, composed of loose, fatty connective tissue |
| Describe the 4 functions of the hypodermis (AKA subcutaneous layer) | 1)connects skin to muscle/bone 2)insulates 3)stores nutrients 4)absorbs shock |
| What are the two types of glands? | 1)Sudoriferous (sweat) glands 2)Sebaceous (oil) glands |
| What are the two types of surodiferous glands? | 1)Eccrine 2)Apocrine |
| Describe Eccrine sweat glands | merocrine sweat glands abundant in palms/soles/forehead long tubes opening into pores sweat is generally acidic |
| sweat is 99% water. What 4 things makeup the other 1% in Eccrine sweat? | 1)salt 2)vitamins 3)waste 4)the antimicrobial peptide dermicidin |
| Describe Apocrine glands | empties sweat into hair follicle, odorless at first until bacteria breaks down fat and proteins |
| What does Apocrine sweat contain that Eccrine sweat doesn't? | fatty substances and proteins |
| Where is sebum (Sebaceous oil) usually secreted? | hair |
| where are Sebaceous glands found/never found? | mostly found on scalp and face, but NEVER on palms/soles of feet |
| What type of cells do all Sebaceous glands contain? | holocrine gland cells (whole burst cells) |
| What are the two functions of Sebum? | 1)lubricate skin and hair 2)kill bacteria |
| Describe the development of oil production | based on inheritance and usually increases during puberty |
| What are hair and nails made of? | Hard keratin |
| What are the 2 functions of head hair? | 1)Store heat 2)Protect from UV |
| What are the 3 functions of body hair? | 1)alert to insects 2)lashes protect eyes 3)nose hairs prevent entry of foreign objects |
| What protects the hair shaft? | the cuticle (outermost layer) |
| in what region of the hair follicle do hair cells divide and grow? | the hair bulb |
| what do hair cells get filled with? | keratin and pigment (melanin) |
| What is the arrector pili? | The tiny muscle in the skin that gives you goosebumps and makes your hair stand on end |
| How is texture of hair determined? | shape of the hair follicle (ex: flat follicle=curly hair) |
| How is color of hair determined? | amount of melanin at the base of the hair follicle |
| What are the 4 basic parts of the nail? | 1)free edge 2)body 3)root 4)bed |
| What 2 basic parts of the nail are not visible? | 1)root 2)bed |
| How do nails grow? | the nail matrix produces keratinized cells that become the nail body |
| What folds protect the sides of the nail? | Lateral nail folds |
| What nail folds protects the source of the nail? | proximal nail folds(cuticle) |
| What is the lunula? | "little moon" shape, white than the rest of the nail due to its thickness |
| What is an abrasion? | scraping/rubbing of skin |
| what are the features of an abrasion? | involves epidermis/upper dermis, may bleed |
| what is a laceration&incision? | slicing of skin and underlying tissue by sharp or blunt trauma |
| what are the 3 features of a laceration&incision? | 1)straight OR irregular edges 2)vary in depth 3)bleed heavily |
| What is a puncture? | penetration by pointed object |
| What are the features of a puncture? | deep track and high infection rate |
| What is an avulsion? | tearing skin from its normal position |
| What are the features of an avulsion? | can be partially or completely detached |
| What is a contusion? | bruise |
| Describe natural sutures | made of biological materials and have more tissue reactions |
| Describe Synthetic sutures | made of polymers and have less tissue reactions |
| What are monofilament sutures? | single strand: less infection, less control |
| what are multifilament sutures? | braided/twisted: more infection, more control |
| How is 0 pronounced in suture sizes? | Aught |
| How big is a 10-0 suture? | The finest - used for eye surgery |
| How big is a 0 or 1-0 suture? | mid sized |
| How big is a 7 suture? | The biggest - used for tendons and ligaments |
| What are the two types of stitches? | 1)Simple interrupted 2)Continuous running |
| What are the two other methods of closing a wound? | 1)Staples 2)Skin glue |
Created by:
Olivia.allen