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Micro
Disease and Epidemiology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| (Infection and disease) Disease is? | Any deviation from health |
| (Infection and disease) Factors that cause disease? | Infections Diet Genetics Aging |
| (Infection and disease) Infection is? | A condition in which pathogenic microorganisms penetrate host defenses enter the tissue and multiply |
| (Infection and disease) Infectious disease is? | Disruption of tissue or organs caused by microbes of their products |
| (Resident Biota) Normal biota? | Large and diverse collection of microbes living on and in the body Also known as Resident or Indigenous biota or normal flora Include bacteria fungi protozoa and viruses (No helminths) |
| (Acquiring resident Biota) Benefits of normal biota? | Influence the development of organs Prevent the overgrowth of harmful microorganisms |
| (Acquiring resident Biota) Microbial antagonism | The general antagonistic effect good microbes have against intruder microorganisms (killed off) Microbes in a study established relationship are unlikely to be displaced by incoming microbes |
| Factors that increase Susceptibility to infection? | Age ( very young - very old) Genetic defects Pregnancy Surgery and organ transplants Underlying diseases (cancers, liver, malfunction, diabetes) Chemotherapy/immunosuppressive drugs Physical & mental stress other infections |
| Endogenous infections ? | Caused by biota already in the body (e. coli) Can occur when normal biota is introduced to a site that was previously sterile Example E coli entering the bladder resulted in a UTI |
| (The progress of infection) Pathogens? | A microbe whose relationship with its host is parasitic Results in infection and disease |
| True pathogens are? | Capable of causing disease in healthy person with normal immune system |
| Pathogens cause disease when? | The host defenses are compromised They become established in a part of the body that is not natural to them |
| Virulence is ? | Degree of pathogenicity |
| Violence is indicated by microbes ability to? | establish itself in the host cause damage |
| Virulence factor? | Any characteristic or structure of the microbe that contributes to toxin production or causing a harmful host response |
| Exogenous? | Originating from outside the body IE environment another person or animal |
| Endogenous? | Already existing on or in the body IE normal biota or previous silent infection |
| Portal of Entry is generally through? | Skin or mucous membranes |
| Portals of entries examples? | eye Ear Mouth Nose Placenta Vagina Urethra Needle Broken skin Anus Insect bite |
| On the skin what are some sites of entry? | Nicks Abrasions Punctures, some tiny and inapparent |
| What is the number one immune protection? | Intact skin |
| The GI track as a portal? | Entry through food drink and other ingested substances Adapted to survive digestive enzymes and abrupt PH changes |
| The respiratory portal gateway? | Oral cavity and nasal cavity |
| Sexually transmitted infections ? (STI) | Pathogens transmitted by sexual means Account for 4% of infections worldwide 13 million new cases in the United States each year |
| Entry ports through the skin or mucosa for STIs? | Penis External genitalia vagina Cervix |
| (becoming established) Adhesion? | Binding between specific molecules on both of the host and pathogen Pathogen is limited to cells and organisms to which it can bind Once attached a pathogen can invade body compartments |
| (becoming established) Quorum sensing? (biofilms) | Chemical communication between nearby bacteria critical to establishment of infection |
| (becoming established) Antiphagocytic factors? | Virulence factor used by pathogens to avoid phagocytes |
| (causing disease) Virulence factor? | Structures products or capabilities that allow a pathogen to cause infection in a host Microbes secrete enzymes and toxins Microbes alter host DNA |
| Local infections enter the body and remain confined to a specific tissue such as? | Boils Fungal skin infections Warts Acne |
| Focal infections is a localized infection that spreads to secondary locations Examples? | tuberculosis Streptococcal pharyngitis also known as scarlet fever |
| Systemic infections or when infections spread to several sites examples would be? (VBF) | Viral Bacterial Fungal |
| What are primary infections? | Initial infections |
| What are secondary infections? | Occurs when a primary infection is COMPLICATED by another infection caused by a different microbe |
| Acute infections? | Come on rapidly Have short lived effects like hours days or weeks |
| Chronic infections? | Progress and persist over a long period of time Like weeks months years |
| (Warning signals of diseases) Signs? | Any objective evidence of disease as noted by an observer (rash, Temp) More precise than symptoms |
| (Warning signals of diseases) Symptoms? | Subjective evidence of disease as sensed by the patient like pain |
| (Common signs and symptoms of infectious diseases) Signs? | Fever Septicemia Microbes in tissue fluid Chest sounds Skin eruptions Leukocytosis Leukopenia Swollen Lymp nodes Abscesses Tachycardia Antibodies in serum |
| (Common signs and symptoms of infectious diseases) Symptoms? | Chills Pain, ache, soreness, irritation Malaise Fatigue Chest Tightness Itching Headache Nausea Abdominal cramps Anorexia (lack of appetite) Sore Throat |
| (sings of infection in the blood) Bacteremia? | Small numbers of bacteria are present in the blood but NOT multiplying |
| (sings of infection in the blood) Viremia? | Presence of viruses in the blood weather or NOT they are actively multiplying |
| (sings of infection in the blood) Leukocytosis? | Increase in the level of white blood cells |
| (sings of infection in the blood) Leukopenia? | Decrease in the level of white blood cells |
| Portals of exit? (SEDS) | Secretion Excretion Discharge Sloughed tissues |
| what are the exits for respiratory and salivary portals? | Mucus Sputum Nasal Drainage Other moist secretions |
| Skin scales? | household dust is composed of skin cells A single person can shed several billion skin cells a day |
| Fecal Exits? | Diarrhea provides rapid exit for pathogens Helminth worms release eggs & cysts through feces Feces containing pathogens are a public health problem contaminated drinking water if use to fertilize crops |
| Urogenital exits? (dont think exits) | STIs leave host in vaginal discharge of semen herpes complex chlamydia Candida albicans pathogens that infect the kidney are discharged in the urine |
| Blood exits? | removed or released through vascular puncture Blood feeding animals Ticks Fleas Mosquitoes |
| what are the types of vacating the host portals of exit? | Respiratory and Salivary Skin scales Fecal Urogenital Blood |
| The study of disease is called? | epidemiology |
| what does epidemiology involve? | it involves the study of frequency and distribution. |
| Reportable disease are? | Notifiable diseases by law some diseases must be reported other diseases are reported on a voluntary basis |
| what is a carrier? | An individual inconspicuously shelters a pathogen and can spread it to others without knowing |
| Asymptomatic carrier? | Infected no symptoms Example gonorrhea genital herpes |
| Incubating carrier? | Infected no symptoms haven't yet Example monocleosis |
| Convalescent carriers? | Patient and no longer I'll but can spread infection Example would be hepatitis A liver disease |
| Chronic carrier? | Latent. Can lead to longer term potential for spread Examples TB or thypoid fever |
| Passive carrier? | Handling of infectious items examples generally healthcare associated infections |
| Biological vector? | Actively participates in a pathogens life cycle. (infected) |
| Mechanical vectors? | The majority of victors are ARTHROPODS Not necessary to the life cycle of an infectious agent Merely transport the pathogen without being infected like flies roaches ants etc |
| Communicable disease? | when an infected host can transmit the pathogen to another host and establish infection |
| Contagious? | The agent is highly communicable especially through direct contact |
| NonCommunicable? | Infection does not arise through transmission from host to host |
| the CDC? | Responsible for keeping track of infectious diseases nationwide Morbidity and Mortality Report a weekly notice of diseases published by the CDC The CDC shares its statistics on disease with the World Health Organization AKA WHO |
| Prevalence of disease? | Total number of existing cases |
| Incident of disease? | Measures the number of new cases over a certain time period Also known as case or morbidity |
| Mortality rate? | measures the number of deaths in a population due to a certain disease |
| Point source epidemic? | One in which the infectious agents came from a single source EG spoiled meat at an event |
| Common source Epidemic? | Results from common exposure into a single source of Infection that can occur over a period of time common at conventions |
| Propagated epidemic? | Goes on and on and on Results from an infectious agent that is commensurable from person to person and is sustained over time in a population example HIV |
| Pandemic? | Spread of an epidemic across continents We lived it |
| Herd immunity? | Enough people are immune so it won't spread as much |
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hw0993422