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4U Biology

Homeostasis

QuestionAnswer
ADH (antidiuretic hormone) secreted by pituitary gland; makes distal and collecting tubules more permeable to water
Aldosterone secreted by adrenal glands; stimulates reabsorption of Na+ (by active transport) which then causes water to be reabsorbed in ascending Loop of Henle
active transport going from low concentration to high concentration; requires energy in form of ATP
passive transport going from high concentration to low concentration; does NOT require energy in form of ATP
hypertonic cell having a higher concentration of solutes compared with the surrounding solution. Water moves in so concentrations are balanced.
hypotonic cell having a lower concentration of solutes compared with the surrounding solution. Water moves out to balance concentrations.
homeostasis process by which biological systems maintain a stable internal environment (within narrow ranges), even when external conditions change.
Negative feedback loop counteracts a stimulus, bringing the system back to a set point eg. regulating body temperature or blood glucose
Positive feedback loop amplifies the stimulus to push a process to completion eg. childbirth or ejaculation
neuron nerve cell, made up of cell body, axon, terminal branches. Nerve impulse starts at dendrites on cell body and moves toward terminal branches
myelin sheath layer of fatty Schwann cells that insulate the nerve impulse, allowing it to move faster
sensory neuron transmits impulse from sensory organs to the brain
motor neuron transmits impulse from the brain to muscles, glands, and organs
interneuron connects motor and sensory neurons
Saltatory conduction nerve impulse is prevented by Schwann cells from flowing along the axon. Instead, the nerve impulse jumps from one Node of Ranvier to the next Node. This kind of transmission is much faster
neurotransmitters chemical messengers that transmit signals from neurons to target cells (may be muscles, glands or other neurons). They cross the synapse and bind to specific receptors on the post-synaptic membrane
depolarization Na+ gates in the axon open, allowing sodium ions to flow into the axon in response to a stimulus.
resting potential at rest, the inside of the neuron is more negative than the outside, creating a polarised cell. This difference is achieved by the Na/K, which moves Na ions out from a low to high concentration using ATP. This restores the polarization.
wave of depolarization (nerve impulse) If the neuron is stimulated, the axon becomes deploarized. This depolarization moves down the axon (in one direction) in a wave. The axon becomes re-polarized behind this wave.
sodium-potassium pump restores the resting potential. This mechanism moves 3 sodium ions out and moves 2 potassium ions in, so there is a net neg charge inside neuron.
LH in males stimulates testosterone production by testes
LH in females stimulates ovulation and the development of the corpus luteum from the empty follicle
FSH in females stimulates follicle development into mature ovum; ovum then releases estrogen
FSH in males stimulates spermatogenesis in testes
testosterone in males stimulates secondary sex characteristics and sperm production by interstitial cells of testes
testosterone in females produced by ovaries and adrenal glands; increases libido, lean muscle mass and bone density
estrogen in males produced by interstitial cells of testes; regulates testosterone production
estrogen in females peaks just before ovulation; sends feedback to increase LH
progesterone in females produced by corpus luteum; stimulates thickening of uterine lining (in preparation for pregnancy)
 



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