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Skeletal System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Functions of the skeletal system | support, protection, movement, mineral storage, storage of energy, hematopoiesis |
| Hematopoiesis | Production of blood cells in bone marrow |
| Osteoblasts | bone cells that are developing. responsible for bone formation by secreting organic compounds. |
| Osteocytes | mature bone cells |
| Osteoclasts | cells that break down bone tissue. important for growth and repair |
| Ossification | formation of bones by replacing existing connective tissue with bone. |
| Features of the long bone. | Diaphysis, Epiphysis, Medullary cavity, compact bone, periosteum, endosteum, yellow bone marrow, red bone marrow, articular cartilage |
| Diaphysis | shaft of the long bone |
| Periosteum | Protective covering of the bone (like a shirt) |
| Epiphysis | ends of long bone |
| Endosteum | lines the medullary cavity |
| Medullary cavity | cavities located in the diaphysis that store soft connective tissue or spongy bone |
| Red Marrow | blood cells tissue located within spaces of spongy bone in the long bone. Makes all blood types |
| Yellow bone marrow | tissue that stores fat in the medullary cavity |
| Compact bone | dense bone that resembles a ring. provides strength for the bone. blood vessels and nerves run the length of the bone |
| Spongy bone | Bone with many spaces filled with red marrow. reduces shock and the weight of the bone |
| What are all the different shapes of a bone? | Flat, long, short, irregular |
| Foramen | an opening or hole that acts as a passageway for nerves and blood vessels |
| Meatus | a tube like passageway within a bone |
| Sinus | a space within a bone lined with a mucus membrane |
| Fossa | A fairly deep pit or depression in a bone |
| Tuberosity | an elevated, rounded, roughened area on a bone |
| Condyle | a large rounded prominence which articulates with another bone |
| Trochanter | very large blunt process used for muscle attachment that is ONLY found on the femur |
| Tubercle | small rounded process used for muscle attachment |
| Process | Projection from the surface of a bone |
| What are the two broad division of the skeleton? | Axial Skeleton and Appendicular skeleton |
| Axial skeleton | contains bones that lie on the axis of the body (80 bones) |
| Appendicular skeleton | contains bones within the appendages of the body (126 bones) |
| What are all of the bones within the skull? | Frontal, parietal, temportal, occipital, mandible, maxilla, ethmoid, sphenoid, mastoid processes, zygomatic |
| What are sutures? | Places where two separate bones have fused together, immovable joints between skull bones |
| What are fontanels? | membrane filled spaces between cranial bones (soft spots) |
| Hyoid bone | U-shaped bone that does not articulate with any other bone. Helps with articulation of the tongue |
| Zygomatic bones | Cheek bones |
| What are the sections of the vertebral column. | Cervical (7), Thoracic (12), Lumbar (5), Sacral (5), Coccygeal (4) |
| What are the functions of the vertebral column? | Supports the head, serves as point of attachment for ribs and muscles, absorbs shock with inter-vertebral discs. |
| What are the parts of the sternum? | Manubrium, body, and xiphoid process |
| How many pairs of ribs are there ? | 12 pairs |
| True ribs | Ribs that are directly attached to the sternum, (1-7) |
| False ribs | Ribs that are indirectly attached to the bottom on sternum, (8,9,10) |
| Floating ribs | ribs that project from the vertebral column and have no attachment to the sternum (11, 12) |
| Clavicle | collar bone, "S" shaped, broken frequently, articulates with scapula and sternum (2 bones) |
| Scapula | shoulder blade, crucial for muscle attachment. (2 bones) |
| Humerus | Upper arm bones (2 bones) |
| Ulna | Medial forearm bone. (2 bones) |
| Radius | lateral forearm bone. Articulates with humerus and carpals. (2 bones) |
| Carpals | Wrist bones (16 bones) |
| Metacarpals | Bones in the palm of hand (5 bones in each hand) |
| Phalanges | Bones of the fingers and toes (28 bones in each pair of hands and feet) |
| Pollex | thumb |
| Hallux | big toe |
| Pelvic Girdle | Hip bones (6 bones) strong & stable support 3 coxal bones - ischium, ilium, pubis |
| Femur | thigh bone (2 bones) |
| Patella | Knee cap (2 bones) |
| Tibia | Medial shin bones (2 bones) |
| Fibula | Lateral shin bone (2 bones) |
| Tarsals | ankle bones (14 bones) |
| Calcaneus | heel bones |
| Metarsals | bones in the arch of the feet (10 bones) |
| What is a joint? | A connection of two bones by different types of tissue |
| Fibrous | bones connected by fibrous tissue |
| Cartilginous | bones connected by cartilage |
| Synovial | bones connected with a lubricant |
| Synarthrosis | Immovable joint |
| Amphiarthrosis | Slightly movable joint |
| Diarthrosis | Freely movable joint |
| Menisci | pads of fibrocartilage found between the articular surfaces |
| Bursae | sac-like structures that reduce friction between soft tissue and bones. reduces friction between skin and bones |
| Liggament | a band of dense fibrous tissue to connect a bone to another bone |
| Tendon | A band of dense fibrous tissue to connect bone to muscle |
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