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unit 5 biology vocab
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| ATP | nucleotide made of an adenine base, a ribose sugar, and three phosphate groups; short for adenosine triphosphate |
| Enzyme | protein that speeds up a biological reaction by lowering the activation energy needed to start the reaction. |
| Substrate | reactant to which an enzyme binds. |
| Catalyst | something that stimulates activity among people or forces |
| Active site | specific place where a substrate binds on an enzyme. |
| Activation energy | minimum amount of energy needed for reactants to form products in a chemical reaction. |
| Pigment | light-absorbing colored molecule, such as chlorophyll and carotenoid, in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts. |
| Photosynthesis | the process used by plants, algae, and some bacteria to convert light energy, water, and carbon dioxide into chemical energy in the form of glucose (sugar) and oxygen |
| Chlorophyll | the pigment that gives plants and algae their green color. Plants use chlorophyll to trap light needed for photosynthesis |
| Thykaloid | in chloroplasts, one of the stacked, flattened, pigment-containing membranes in which light-dependent reactions occur. |
| Grana | one of the stacks of pigment-containing thylakoids in a plant’s chloroplasts. |
| Stroma | fluid-filled space outside the grana in which light-independent reactions take place. |
| Light Reactions | the first stage of photosynthesis, where light energy is converted into chemical energy stored in ATP and NADPH |
| Calvin Cycle | light-independent reactions during phase two of photosynthesis in which energy is stored in organic molecules as glucose. |
| NADP | energy storage molecule, produce sugar along with ATP |
| Photosystems | protein and pigment complexes in the thylakoid membranes of plants, algae, and cyanobacteria that capture light energy for photosynthesis |
| Electron Transport Chain | process once light is absorbed in photosystems I and II, electrons are transferred from pigment molecules to a series of molecules in the thylakoid membrane. |
| Chemiosis | uses energy produced by electrons moving down the electron transport chain to create a proton concentration gradient from thylakoid space to stroma and then uses the proton gradient to provide energy to produce ATP. |
| Calvin Cycle | light-independent reactions during phase two of photosynthesis in which energy is stored in organic molecules as glucose. |
| Rubisco | enzyme that converts inorganic carbon dioxide molecules into organic molecules during the final step of the Calvin cycle. |
| Aerobic | metabolic process in which pyruvate is broken down and electron-carrier molecules are used to produce ATP through electron transport. |
| Anaerobic Respiration | metabolic process that does not use oxygen. |
| Glycolysis | anaerobic process; first stage of cellular respiration in which glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate. |
| NADH/FADH2 | coenzymes that play crucial roles in cellular metabolism |
| Krebs Cycle | series of reactions in which pyruvate is broken down into carbon dioxide inside the mitochondria of cells; also called the tricarboxylic acid cycle and the citric acid cycle. |
| Matrix | A fulid-filled compartment where the krebs cycle occurs |
| Cellular Respiration | The process by which the bonds of food and oxygen molecules are broken, energy is transferred from one set of molecules to another |
| Fermentation | process in which NAD+ is regenerated, allowing cells to maintain glycolysis in the absence of oxygen. |
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