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APUSH unit 4 vocab
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Marbury vs. Madison (1803) | Landmark Supreme Court case that established the principle of judicial review, giving the Supreme Court the power to declare laws unconstitutional. |
| Chief Justice John Marshall | Fourth Chief Justice of the Supreme Court (1801–1835); strengthened the power of the federal government and the judiciary. |
| Judicial Review | The power of the Supreme Court to declare laws and actions of Congress or the President unconstitutional. |
| Barbary Pirates | North African pirates who attacked American ships in the Mediterranean; led to U.S. naval action under Jefferson. |
| Louisiana Purchase | 1803 land deal in which the U.S. bought territory from France, doubling the size of the nation. |
| Lewis & Clark Expedition | Exploration of the Louisiana Territory (1804–1806) to map the land and establish trade with Native tribes. |
| Aaron Burr | Thomas Jefferson’s first vice president; dueled and killed Alexander Hamilton; later accused of treason. |
| Impressment | British practice of forcing American sailors into the British Navy, a cause of the War of 1812. |
| Embargo Act of 1807 | Law passed by Jefferson banning U.S. trade with all foreign nations; hurt the U.S. economy. |
| James Madison | Fourth President of the U.S.; led the nation during the War of 1812; known as the “Father of the Constitution.” |
| War of 1812 | Conflict between the U.S. and Britain over trade restrictions, impressment, and Native American resistance. |
| Tecumseh | Shawnee leader who sought to unite Native tribes against U.S. expansion; killed in the War of 1812. |
| Battle of Tippecanoe | 1811 battle in Indiana Territory where U.S. forces defeated Tecumseh’s confederation. |
| War Hawks | Young Congressmen (mostly from the South and West) who pushed for war with Britain before 1812. |
| Francis Scott Key | Wrote “The Star-Spangled Banner” during the War of 1812 after witnessing the Battle of Fort McHenry. |
| Treaty of Ghent | 1814 agreement ending the War of 1812; restored prewar boundaries without addressing maritime issues. |
| Hartford Convention | Meeting of Federalists in 1814–1815 who opposed the War of 1812; seen as unpatriotic and led to the party’s decline. |
| Battle of New Orleans | Major American victory in 1815 led by Andrew Jackson; fought after the Treaty of Ghent was signed. |
| Macon’s Bill No. 2 | 1810 law reopening trade with Britain and France, promising to stop trade with the other if one lifted restrictions. |
| Erie Canal | Completed in 1825; connected the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean via the Hudson River, boosting trade and settlement. |
| Samuel F. Morse | Inventor of the telegraph and Morse code, revolutionizing long-distance communication. |
| Eli Whitney | Inventor of the cotton gin and pioneer of interchangeable parts in manufacturing. |
| Cyrus Hall McCormick | Inventor of the mechanical reaper, which revolutionized farming efficiency. |
| Lowell System | Factory system using young women (Lowell Girls) to work in textile mills under controlled conditions. |
| Market Revolution | Transformation of the U.S. economy in the early 1800s due to industrialization, transportation, and commercialization. |
| Industrial Revolution | Shift from hand production to machine manufacturing, beginning in Britain and spreading to the U.S. |
| “Cult of Domesticity” | Belief that women’s proper role was in the home, promoting piety, purity, domesticity, and submissiveness. |
| Irish Potato Famine | 1840s famine that caused mass Irish immigration to the U.S. due to crop failure. |
| Nativism | Hostility toward immigrants, especially Catholics and non-English speakers, favoring native-born Americans. |
| Know-Nothing Party | Anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic political party of the 1850s that promoted nativist policies. |
| German Immigration | Large influx of Germans to the U.S. in the mid-1800s, many settling in the Midwest. |
| Irish Immigration | Mass movement of Irish to the U.S., especially after the Potato Famine, settling in cities and working low-wage jobs. |
| John C. Calhoun | Southern politician and advocate of states’ rights, nullification, and slavery; Vice President under Jackson. |
| Henry Clay | Congressman known as “The Great Compromiser”; promoted the American System and the Missouri Compromise. |
| Daniel Webster | Northern senator who supported nationalism and opposed nullification. |
| Tariff of 1816 | First protective tariff in U.S. history; designed to protect American industry from British goods. |
| “American System” | Henry Clay’s plan for national economic growth: tariffs, national bank, and internal improvements. |
| James Monroe | Fifth U.S. President; oversaw the “Era of Good Feelings” and issued the Monroe Doctrine. |
| “Era of Good Feelings” | Period after the War of 1812 marked by national unity and the decline of the Federalist Party. |
| Oregon Country | Territory in the Pacific Northwest jointly occupied by Britain and the U.S. until 1846. |
| Panic of 1819 | First major U.S. economic depression caused by bank failures and decreased demand for goods. |
| Missouri Compromise 1820 | Admitted Missouri as a slave state, Maine as free, and banned slavery north of 36°30′ line. |
| Gibbons vs. Ogden (1824) | Supreme Court case that affirmed federal control over interstate commerce. |
| Monroe Doctrine 1823 | Policy warning European nations not to interfere in the Western Hemisphere. |
| Andrew Jackson | Seventh President; expanded executive power, opposed the national bank, and enforced Indian removal. |
| “Corrupt Bargain” | Alleged deal in the 1824 election between John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay to secure Adams’s presidency. |
| John Quincy Adams | Sixth President; promoted national improvements and diplomacy; unpopular due to the “Corrupt Bargain.” |
| Spoils System | Practice of rewarding political supporters with government jobs. |
| Nullification Crisis | Conflict over South Carolina’s attempt to nullify federal tariffs; Jackson opposed it firmly. |
| Trail of Tears | Forced relocation of Native American tribes from the Southeast to Indian Territory, causing thousands of deaths. |
| Indian Removal Act | 1830 law authorizing the forced relocation of Native American tribes west of the Mississippi River. |
| Martin Van Buren | Eighth President; faced the Panic of 1837; founder of the Democratic Party. |
| Tariff of 1832 | Reduced but did not eliminate tariff rates; led to the Nullification Crisis. |
| Anti-Masonic Party | First third party in the U.S.; opposed secret societies and supported moral reforms. |
| Specie Circular | 1836 order requiring payment for government land in gold or silver; led to the Panic of 1837. |
| Panic of 1837 | Severe economic depression caused by banking failures and Jackson’s economic policies. |
| Uncle Tom’s Cabin | 1852 novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe exposing the cruelty of slavery; fueled abolitionist sentiment. |
| “Peculiar Institution” | Euphemism used by Southerners to describe slavery. |
| Paternalism | Southern justification for slavery as a system of care and guidance for enslaved people. |
| Yeomen Farmers | Independent small farmers in the South who owned land and few or no slaves. |
| Mulattoes | People of mixed African and European ancestry. |
| “Spirituals” | Religious folk songs created by enslaved African Americans expressing hope and resistance. |
| Nat Turner’s Rebellion | 1831 slave uprising in Virginia that killed about 60 whites; led to harsher slave laws. |
| Transcendentalism | Philosophical movement emphasizing nature, individuality, and self-reliance; led by Emerson and Thoreau. |
| Shakers | Religious group known for communal living, celibacy, and simple lifestyle. |
| Second Great Awakening | Religious revival movement of the early 1800s emphasizing salvation and reform. |
| Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints | Mormon Church founded by Joseph Smith in the 1830s. |
| American Temperance Society | Organization founded in 1826 to promote abstinence from alcohol. |
| Horace Mann | Education reformer who advocated for public schools and teacher training. |
| Ralph Waldo Emerson | Transcendentalist writer and philosopher who promoted individualism and self-reliance. |
| Henry David Thoreau | Transcendentalist author of Walden and “Civil Disobedience”; promoted simple living and resistance to unjust laws. |
| Emily Dickenson | Poet known for her unique style and themes of death, nature, and immortality. |
| Edgar Allan Poe | American writer famous for gothic tales and poems such as “The Raven.” |
| Dorthea Lynde Dix | Reformer who advocated for humane treatment of the mentally ill. |
| Elizabeth Cady Stanton | Women’s rights leader and organizer of the Seneca Falls Convention. |
| Abolition | Movement to end slavery in the United States. |
| William Lloyd Harrison | Abolitionist and editor of The Liberator; called for immediate emancipation. |
| Fredrick Douglas | Former enslaved man who became a leading abolitionist, writer, and speaker. |
| Underground Railroad | Network of secret routes and safe houses helping enslaved people escape to freedom. |
| Harriet Tubman | Former enslaved woman who led hundreds to freedom via the Underground Railroad. |
| Sojourner Truth | Former enslaved woman and abolitionist who advocated for women’s rights and racial equality. |
| Seneca Falls Convention | 1848 meeting in New York where women demanded equal rights; issued the Declaration of Sentiments. |
Created by:
arianacontreras