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HW chapter 5b part 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| papule | solid elevated lesions less than 1 cm in diameter that may be the same color as the skin or pigmented |
| vesicle | elevated circumscribed fluid filled lesion less than 0.5 cm in diameter |
| nodule | palpable circumscribed lesion larger and deeper than a papule (0.6 to 2 cm in diameter) extends to dermal area |
| pustule | small raised circumscribed lesion that contains pus usually less than 1 cm in diameter |
| tumor | small elevated lesion larger than 2 cm in diameter that extends into the dermal and subcutaneous layer |
| bulla | a vesicle or blister larger than 1 cm in diameter |
| wheal | elevated firm rounded lesion with localized skin edema (swelling) that varies in size shape and color paler in the center than its surrounding edges accompanied by itching |
| excoriations | linear scratch marks or traumatized abrasions of the epidermis |
| fissure | small slit or crack like sore that extends into the dermal layer could be caused by continuous inflammation and drying |
| ulcer | an open sore or lesion that extends to the dermis and usually heals with scarring |
| first degree (superficial) burns | are the least serious type of burn because they injure only the top layers of skin the epidermis |
| thermal burns | contact with dry moist heat |
| sunburn | spending too much time in the sun |
| chemical burn | exposure to chemicals |
| erythema | skin redness |
| hyperesthesia | sensitivity to such sensory stimuli as touch heat or cold |
| second degree (partial-thickness) | burns are deep burns that damage the epidermis and part of the dermis |
| vesicles and bullae | fluid filled blisters |
| third degree (full thickness) | the epidermis and dermis are destroyed and some of the underlying tissue is damaged leaving the skin waxy and charred with insensitivity to touch |
| dermatoplasty | skin grafting |
| neoplasms | abnormal growths of new tissue that are classified as benign or malignant |
| malignant neoplasms | composed of cells that tend to become invasive and spread to remote regions of the body (metastasis) |
| cancer | composed of cells that tend to become invasive and spread to remote regions of the body (metastasis) |
| immunotherapy | newer treatment that stimulates the body's own immune defense to fight tumor cells |
| biotherapy | newer treatment that stimulates the body's own immune defense to fight tumor cells |
| combined-modality treatment | to provide the most effective treatment the physician may prescribe one of the previously listed treatments or use a combination of them |
| grading | cells from the tumor site are evaluated to determine how closely the biopsied tissue resembles normal tissue |
| anaplasia | these cells spread to surrounding tissue revert back to their primitive state |
| tumor,node,metastasis (TNM) system | international system that allows comparison of statistics among cancer centers |
| basal cell carcinoma | the most common type of skin cancer is a malignancy of the basal layer of the epidermis or hair follicles |
| pathologists | grade and stage tumors to help in diagnosis and treatment planning provide a possible prognosis and aid comparison of treatment results when different treatment methods are used |
| squamous cell carcinoma | arises from skin that undergoes pathological hardening of epidermal cells |
| keratinizing | arises from skin that undergoes pathological hardening of epidermal cells |
| carcinogens | chronic skin irritation and inflammation exposure to cancer causing agents |
| xeroderma pigmentosum | hereditary diseases |
| albinism | hereditary diseases |
| actinic keratosis | presence of premalignant lesions |
| bowen disease | presence of premalignant lesions |
| Insitu | two types of squamous cell carcinoma that are confined to the original site |
| invasive | two types of squamous cell carcinoma that are confined to the original site and those that penetrate the surrounding tissue |
| malignant melanoma | as the name implies is a malignant growth of melanocytes |
| biopsy | taking a piece of a tumor and testing it to see if it's benign or malignant |
| grade 1 (tumor cells well differentiated) | close resemblance to tissue of origin and thus retaining some specialized functions |
| grade 2 (tumor cells moderately or poorly differentiated) | less resemblance to tissue or origin more variation in size and shape of tumor cells increased mitoses |
| grade 3 (tumor cells poorly differentiated) | increased abnormality in appearance with only remote resemblance to tissue of origin marked variation in shape and size of tumor cells greatly increased mitoses |
| grade 4 (tumor cells very poorly differentiated) | abnormal appearance to extent that recognition of the tumors tissue origin in difficult extreme variation in size and shape of tumor cells |
| TX | primary tumor that cannot be evaluated |
| T0 | no evidence of tumor |
| Tis | carcinoma in situ which indicates that the tumor is in a defined location and hows no invasion into surrounding tissues |
| T1 T2 T3 T4 | primary tumor size and extent of local invasion where T1 is small and minimal invasion and T4 is large with extensive local invasion into surrounding organs and tissues |
| NX | regional lymph nodes that cannot be evaluated |
| N0 | regional lymph nodes that show no abnormalities |
| N1 N2 N3 N4 | degree of lymph node involvement and spread to regional lymph nodes where N1 is less involvement with minimal spreading and N4 is more involvement with extensive spreading |
| MX | distant metastasis that cannot be evaluated |
| M0 | no evidence of metastasis |
| M1 | presence of metastasis |
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