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2236 week nine
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| motivation, addiction | Substance use disorder |
| diagnosis severity | 6+ symptoms |
| Positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement | harmful consequences, motivation/incentive high |
| negative reinforcement | drug removes unpleasant withdraw symptoms |
| brain - drug classes, targets | psychostimulants - dopamine reuptake inhibition eg cocaine |
| opiates | u opioid receptor agonists - heroin |
| alcohol | multiple targets |
| nicotine | acetylcholine receptors |
| cannabis | cannabinoid receptors |
| barbiturates | GABA receptor agonists |
| psychedelics | serotonin (5-HT) receptors |
| ketamine | NMDA receptor antagonists |
| dopamine release | key in reinforcement/reward |
| all addictive drugs | hijack the brain's reward system |
| dopamine | neurotransmitter in reward and reinforcement |
| conditioned place preference CPP | Rats prefer environment where drug was taken pleasurable |
| intracranial self stimulation ICSS | animals press lever dopamine stimulations drugs lower threshold = more rewarding |
| blocking dopamine D1 receptors | removes reinforcing effects |
| drug addiction | brain disease |
| addictive substances | stimulate dopamine midbrain VTA -> striatum |
| brain circuits change | compulsive use, craving, relapse |
| addiction | neuroadaptations |
| prefrontal cortex | striatum (nucleus accumbens) amygdala (emotional memory) extended amygdala (stress and withdrawal) |
| addiction | animal models |
| controlled intake | researcher administered |
| voluntary intake | more realistic mimics drug seeking escalation relapse |
| reinstatement tests | measuring craving NOT consumption drug cues/context/stress cause relapse EVEN AFTER EXTINCTION |
| Chronic use | neuroadaptations |
| drug related cues | activate different brain areas heavy vs light users |
| incubation craving | craving increases over abstinence synaptic changes (glutamate in corticostriatal pathways) |
| opponent process theory | initial use: euphoria (State A) withdrawal (state B) chronic use a=temporary relief b=stronger and longer negative symptoms |
| incentive sensitisation theory | liking vs wanting dissociated wanting (craving) increases over time liking (pleasure) stays same or decreases cues = increased dopamine -> stronger craving |
| reward deficit/stress surfeit theory | chronic drug use lowers dopamine - increases chemicals (CRF, norepinephrine) drug use shifts from pleasure seeking to avoid withdrawal/stress |
| faster entry to brain and faster clearance | higher abuse potential cocaine > methamphetamine |
| method of administration matters | individual differences, addiction 15% of recreation users develop SUD |
| genetic and environment | heritability early life trauma psychiatric comorbidities socioeconomic status |
| chicago social drinking project | high risk individuals: greater stimulation, greater pleasure, more craving effects remained or intensified over time |
| biological vulnerability + drug exposure | SUD |
| Addiction | brain disorder - neuroadaptations |
| all addictive substances | increase dopamine |
| positive and negative reinforcement | continued use |
| sensitisation of cues | dopamine, craving |
| addiction | reward systems (VTA -> nucleus accumbens) stress systems (extended amygdala) prefrontal cortex (loss of control) |
| relapse, craving | long term changes (brain structure and function) |
Created by:
brendonpizarro1