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HF Midterm
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Human Factors | the study, analysis, and design of human-technology systems to ensure safe, efficient and error free system performance. |
| Goals of Human Factors | improve safety, reliability, user satififaction, production, human capability and decrease errors |
| TOME | Task, Operator, Machine, Environment |
| Information Processing Model | how humans perceive, remember, process and respond to the info in their environment |
| System Development Life Cycle - Stage 1 | Front end analysis - user, function, task, environment analysis |
| System Development Life Cycle - Stage 2 | Conceptual Design |
| System Development Life Cycle - Stage 3 | Iterative Design and testing - task analysis, interface design, prototypes, design review |
| System Development Life Cycle - Stage 4 | Design of support materials |
| System Development Life Cycle - Stage 5 | System production |
| System Development LIfe Cycle - Stage 6 | Implementation and evaluation |
| System Development Life Cycle - Stage 7 | System operation and maintenance |
| System Development Life Cycle - Stage 8 | System disposal |
| 7 Stages of Action - Stage 1 | Evaluation |
| 7 Stages of Action - Stage 2 | Interpret perception |
| 7 Stages of Action - Stage 3 | Evaluate |
| 7 Stages of Action - Stage 4 | Goals |
| 7 Stages of Action - Stage 5 | Decide to act |
| 7 Stages of Action - Stage 6 | Sequence of Action |
| 7 Stages of Action - Stage 7 | Execute actions |
| Gulf of Evaluation | can't tell the system state |
| Gulf of execution | know what to do, but don't know how to do it |
| Affordances | perceived properties of the object that suggest how one could use it |
| Bridge the gulfs | provide a good conceptual model, make things visible |
| Feedabck | immediate, obvious reaction to each action |
| Transfer effects | people transfer their expectations from familiar objects to similar new objects |
| mental models | shorthand version of the world, represent the internal logic of our perceptions |
| Task analysis | any process of assessing what a user does and why, step by step |
| Task Analysis - Step 1 | Information Collection |
| Task Analysis - Step 2 | Data Collection |
| Task Analysis - Step 3 | Data Recording |
| Data Recording Methods | observation, interview, focus group, existing documentation, checklist, questionnaire, videotape |
| Task Analysis - Step 4 | Data analysis |
| Hierarchal task analysis | a broad approach to task analysis used to represent the relationship between tasks and subtasks |
| Interface surveys | group of methods used for task and interface design to identify specific human factors problems |
| Link analysis | used to identify relationships between components of a system |
| Operations sequence diagrams | used to illustrate relations between personnel, equipment, and time |
| Timeline anlysis | set of principles used to map operators tasks along time to take into account task frequency, duration and interactions with other tasks and operators |
| Psychophysical models | mapping the relation between physical stimuli and sensation of that stimuli |
| Just Noticeable Difference (JND) | smallest noticeable change in sensation |
| Difference Threshold (DT) | amount of change in stimuli which causes the JND |
| Absolute Threshold | smallest amount of stimuli that can be detected |
| Weber's Law | DT = k(intensity) |
| Information Coding | use of stimulus attributes to convey meaning |
| Perception | process of attaining awareness of sensory info |
| Stimulus | sensory inputs |
| Signal | stimulus having a special pattern |
| Noise | obscuring/distracting stimuli |
| Task | report yes when signal is present, otherwise no |
| Signal Detection Theory | model of how humans separate stimuli from signal |
| Type 1 Error | accidentally concluding that independent variables had an effect when it was just chance |
| Type 2 Error | concluding that independent variable did not have an effect when it did |
| Response Bias Formula | B = ord(Z(p(hit)))/Ord(Z(p(CR)) |
| Response Criteria | Bopt = [p(noise)/p(signal)] * [value(CR)*cost(FA)/value(H)*cost(Miss)] |
| Sensitivity | difference between the curves along the X axis |
| Response Bias | how likely to say signal, liberal = more likely/prone, conservative = not prone |
| Absolute Judgment | 7+-2 !! |
| Sensory Registration | prolongs stimuli after it is no longer present |
| Veridical | preserves most of the physical details of the stimulus |
| Visual decay | <1000 ms |
| Audio decay | 100-300 ms |
| Perceptual encoding | uses info in long term memory to determine |
| Electromagnetic stimulus | vision |
| mechanical stimulus | hearing, touch, pain, vestibular (balance), kinesthetic (body position, presence, movement) |
| thermal stimulus | cold, warmth |
| chemical stimulus | taste, smell |
| Chemoreceptors | oxygen, pH, various organic molecules |
| Mechanoreceptors | pressure, cell stretch, vibration, acceleration, sound |
| photoreceptors | photons of light |
| thermoreceptors | varying degrees of heat |
| Simple Sensory Neural Receptors | neurons with free nerve endings |
| Complex Sensory Neural Receptors | nerve endings enclosed in connective tissue capsules |
| Special Sensory Neural Receptors | cells that release neurotransmitter onto sensory neurons, initiating action potential |
| Sensory Reaction time | delay of 1-38 ms |
| Neural transmission reaction time | 2-100 ms |
| cognitive processing delay | 70-300 ms |
| neural transmission to muscles | 10-20 ms |
| muscle latency | 30-70 ms |
| Overall delay | 113-528 ms |
| Zonules | attatch lens to cillary muscle in eye |
| Lens | bends light to focus on retina |
| Pupil | changes amount of light entering eye |
| ciliary muscle | contraction alters curvature of lens |
| Sclera | connective tissue |
| retina | layer that contains photoreceptors |
| macula | center of visual field |
| fovea | region of sharpest vision |
| optic disk | region where optic nerve and blood vessels leave eye |
| Visual threshold | 10^-6 miilabert mL (Candle flames seen at 30 miles on a dark clear night) |
| Visual spectrum range | 400 to 700 nm |
| Visual largest tolerable | 10^4 mL |
| Luminous intensity | energy at source |
| Illuminance | energy reaching object |
| Luminance | energy reflecting off object to allow vision |
| Cornea | protects eye |
| Rods | sensitive to light, less detailed |
| Cones | sensitive to color, more detailed |
| Contrast sensitivity | reciprocal of the minimum contrast between a lighter and darker spatial area that can just be detected |
| Visual field | area that can be seen when the head and eyes are motionless |
| visual angle | angle formed at the eye by the viewed object |
| Contrast formula | C = (L - D)/ (L + D) |
| Contrast sensitivity formula | CS = 1/Cm |
| Visual angle formula | VA = (57.3)(60)Size/Distance |
| Effective color vision | not all receptors in the retina are equally sensitive to color |
| Color weakness | people are capable of seeing all colors, but tend to confuse some of them |
| Color blindness | people tend to confuse red, green, and grey, limited or no color perception |
| Auditory threshold | 2 x 10^-4 dynes/cm^2 (tick of a watch under quiet conditions from 20 feet) |
| auditory largest tolerable | 10^3 dynes/cm^2 |
| range of human hearing | 20 to 20,000 HZ |
| Range of sound intensitiy | 0 to 140 dB |
| Permanent damage occurs at | 100 dB |
| Lowest to detect frequency changes | 20 dB |
| Pinna | collects sounds |
| dB formula | 20log(Sound of interest/Background sound) |
| Loudness | what you perceive related to dB |
| Temporary threshold shift (TTS) | loss in ability to hear after exposure to loud noise, declines over time |
| Permanent threshold shift (PTS) | permanent loss |
| Keep auditory displays at this frequency... | 85-90 dB |
| Earcons | non-verbal audio messages that are used in the computer to provide info to the user |
| Haptic threshold | finger tips, 0.05 to 1.1 erg |
| Olfactory | smell |
| Gustatory | taste |
| Proprioceptive and Kinesthesis | where are all the parts of your body and how are they moving |
| vestibular | inner ear, measures acceleration |
| Relative judgment | compare to something else in the world |
| Absolute judgement | compare to something in memory |
| top down | start with what you already know |
| Bottom up | start with raw data |
| Selective attention | attend to only some of the stimuli in your registry |
| Salience | quality of the stimulus, when this is high, bottom up processing will dominate |
| Effort | the required effort needed to sense a stimulus |
| Expectancy and value | refer to the act of projecting on and assessing stimuli based on stored knowledge, top down processing |
| Focused | ability to concentrate on one source of info |
| Divded/Breath | concurrent processing of different sources of info |
| Time sharing decrement | doing a task alone greatly increases performance |
| Attention Failures | selection of inappropriate aspects, inability to concentrate, inability to divide |
| Useful field of view | area of visual field from which info necessary for task can be extracted in a single fixation |
| Gestalt Theory | the whole is different from the sum of its parts |
| Law of similarity | objects look similar so people group them |
| Law of continuation | eye is compelled to move through one object and continue to the next |
| Law of closure | object is incomplete or a space is not completely enclosed, people still perceive the whole by filling in the missing info |
| Law of proximity | occurs when objects are close together so they are grouped together |
| Law of common fate | elements are likely to be grouped as a unit if they move together |
| Goodness of Figures/Law of Pragnanz | objects in the environment are seen in a way that makes them appear as simple as possible |
| Figure/Ground relationship | eye differentiates an object from its surroundings |
| Stroop task | both color and meaning are processed in parallel |
Created by:
hessea