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Mekdes Beyene
Anatomy 6 - 12
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the main function of the CNS? | To interpret sensory information and coordinate motor responses. |
| What is the main function of the PNS? | To connect the CNS to the limbs and organs. |
| What is a neuron? | A specialized nerve cell that transmits electrical and chemical signals. |
| What are the three types of neurons? | Sensory (afferent), motor (efferent), and interneurons. |
| What is a reflex arc? | A simple, automatic response to a stimulus that bypasses the brain for quick reaction. |
| What is the function of the cerebrum? | Controls thinking, memory, emotions, and voluntary muscle movement. |
| What is the function of the cerebellum? | Maintains balance, posture, and coordination of movements. |
| What is the function of the brainstem? | Controls vital life functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure. |
| Which part of the brain controls hormone release through the pituitary gland? | The hypothalamus. |
| What is the spinal cord responsible for? | Transmitting messages between the brain and the body; controls reflexes. |
| What are meninges? | Three protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord (dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater). |
| What is cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)? | A clear fluid that cushions and protects the brain and spinal cord. |
| What happens if intracranial pressure (ICP) increases? | It can decrease cerebral blood flow and cause brain damage. |
| Which muscle extends the leg? | Rectus femoris |
| What is the primary muscle that dorsiflexes the foot? | Tibialis anterior |
| Identify muscles of mastication | Masseter, temporalis, and lateral and medial pterygoid muscles are involved in chewing. |
| What muscles are involved in facial expressions and mastication? | Axial muscles of the head, such as the orbicularis oris (mouth) and masseter (chewing). |
| Name an axial muscle that compresses the cheek | The buccinator muscle. |
| Where do axial muscles attach? | Typically to the axial skeleton (skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum). |
| What is the main function of appendicular muscles? | To move the limbs and the girdles (pectoral and pelvic) that attach them to the trunk. |
| What is the action of the gluteus maximus? | It is the large muscle that extends the hip joint. |
| What muscle produces movement that allows you to cross your legs? | The sartorius muscle. |
| Where do appendicular muscles typically attach? | They attach to the appendicular skeleton (limbs and girdles). During contraction, the less moveable origin is usually the proximal attachment. |
| What is the most powerful flexor of the forearm at the elbow? | The brachialis muscle. |
| What is the basic structural and functional unit of the nervous system, and what are its three main parts? | he basic unit is the neuron (nerve cell). A neuron has three primary parts: the cell body (soma), dendrites, and an axon. |
| Distinguish between sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent) neurons based on the direction of nerve impulse transmission. | Neurons are classified by function, including sensory and motor neurons: Sensory (Afferent) Neurons, Motor (Efferent) Neurons |
| What are neuroglia (glial cells), and what is their primary function in the nervous system? | Neuroglia is supporting cells that are the most abundant cell type in the nervous system. Their primary function is to insulate, support, nourish, and protect the neurons, ensuring proper function and a healthy environment. |
| What is the primary function of the autonomic nervous system? | The primary function is to maintain homeostasis by regulating vital, involuntary bodily functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, digestion, and glandular secretions. |
| What are the two main divisions of the ANS | The two main divisions are the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS). |
| What are the two main divisions of the ANS and their roles? | The SNS prepares the body for action, the "fight-or-flight" response, by increasing energy expenditure. The PSNS promotes calming activities, the "rest-and-digest" response, by conserving and restoring energy. |
| How do the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems typically interact? | They typically have opposite (antagonistic) but complementary effects on the same target organs to maintain balance. For example, the SNS increases heart rate, while the PSNS decreases it. |
| Which neurotransmitters are primarily used by the ANS divisions? | All preganglionic neurons in both divisions use acetylcholine (ACh). Most postganglionic sympathetic neurons release norepinephrine (NE). All postganglionic parasympathetic neurons release acetylcholine (ACh). |
| How does the ANS connect the CNS and PNS? | The ANS is structurally part of both the CNS (where preganglionic neuron cell bodies are located in the brainstem and spinal cord) and the PNS (which consists of the nerves and ganglia outside the CNS). Afferent (sensory) nerves carry information from org |
| What is the "enteric nervous system" (ENS)? | The ENS is an extensive, web-like network of neurons within the walls of the gastrointestinal tract that regulates digestive processes independently, though it still receives input from the SNS and PSNS. |
| Which division causes pupils to dilate, and which causes them to constrict? | The sympathetic nervous system causes pupils to dilate for far vision (part of the fight-or-flight response), while the parasympathetic nervous system causes them to constrict for near vision (part of rest-and-digest). |
| Where do sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves exit the CNS? | Sympathetic nerves exit from the thoracic and lumbar regions (T1-L2) of the spinal cord. Parasympathetic nerves exit from the cranial nerves (especially the Vagus nerve, CN X) and the sacral region (S2-S4) of the spinal cord. |
| How do sensory receptors work? | Sensory receptors respond to specific stimuli (like light, sound, or chemicals) and transmit them as nerve signals to the brain for processing. |
| What does the pituitary gland do? | The pituitary gland is often called the "master gland" because it produces hormones that control many other endocrine glands, such as the thyroid and adrenal glands. |
| What is the function of the thyroid gland? | The thyroid gland secretes thyroxine, which is a hormone that regulates metabolism, appetite, and body temperature. |
| How does the pancreas contribute to the endocrine system? | The pancreas produces hormones like insulin and glucagon, which regulate blood sugar levels. |
| How do the nervous and endocrine systems work together? | The nervous system and endocrine system cooperate to maintain homeostasis by using electrical signals (nerves) and chemical signals (hormones) to regulate bodily functions. |
| How does the hypothalamus connect the two systems? | The hypothalamus, located in the brain, acts as a control center. It receives sensory input from the nervous system and then sends signals to the pituitary gland to regulate the endocrine system. |
| What are the three main types of blood vessels? | Arteries, veins, and capillaries. |
| What is the role of arteries? | Arteries carry blood away from the heart and are typically oxygen-rich (except for the pulmonary artery). |
| What is the role of veins? | Veins carry blood back to the heart and are typically oxygen-poor (except for the pulmonary vein). |
| Where does gas exchange occur? | Gas exchange, where oxygen is delivered to tissues and carbon dioxide is picked up, happens in the capillaries. |
| What is the circulatory system's function in relation to other systems? | It works with the respiratory system to transport oxygen from the lungs to the cells. It works with the digestive system to carry nutrients from digestion to the cells. |
| What is blood plasma? | Plasma is the liquid part of blood that contains water, proteins, electrolytes, and other substances, carrying blood cells and nutrients. |
| What are the chambers of the heart? | The heart has four chambers: two atria and two ventricles. |
| What is the purpose of the valves in the heart? | Heart valves ensure that blood flows in only one direction. |
| What is the lymphatic system and how does it relate to the immune system? | The lymphatic system is a network of vessels, tissues, and organs that help protect the body by filtering fluids and defending against infection. It is a crucial part of the immune system, working to drain excess fluid and transport immune cells throughou |
| What is lymph? | Lymph is a clear fluid that contains white blood cells, particularly lymphocytes, which bathes tissues and drains into the lymphatic system. |
| What are the main functions of the lymphatic system? | Its main functions are: draining excess interstitial fluid from tissues, transporting dietary lipids, and carrying out immune responses. |
| What is the role of lymph nodes? | Lymph nodes act as filters for the lymph fluid, removing harmful substances and pathogens before the fluid returns to the bloodstream. They are also a site where immune cells, like lymphocytes and macrophages, can encounter and fight infections. |
| What is the function of the thymus? | The thymus is a primary lymphoid organ that is responsible for the maturation and development of T-lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. |
| What is the role of the spleen? | The spleen is the largest lymphatic organ. It filters blood, removes old or damaged red blood cells, and monitors the blood for foreign pathogens. The spleen also stores leukocytes (white blood cells) and helps produce antibodies. |
| What are tonsils? | Tonsils are patches of lymphatic tissue located in the throat. They are an important part of the immune system's first line of defense, helping to trap airborne pathogens that enter through the nose and mouth. |
| What is the function of the bone marrow? | Bone marrow is a primary lymphoid organ where all immune cells, including lymphocytes, are generated. It is responsible for producing white blood cells that are used to fight infections. |
| What is the difference between innate and adaptive immunity? | The innate immune system provides a general, non-specific defense against pathogens, while the adaptive immune system provides a specific, targeted response to germs that the body has previously encountered. |
| What is the function of the skin in the immune system? | The skin acts as a physical barrier to protect the body from pathogens and is considered a part of the innate immune system |
| What are lysozymes? | Lysozymes are enzymes found in bodily fluids like tears and saliva that help break down the cell walls of certain bacteria. |
| What are the main components of the lymphatic system? | The lymphatic system includes lymph vessels, lymph nodes, the spleen, the thymus, and tonsils. |
| Where are lymph nodes located? | Lymph nodes are located throughout the body, often in clusters, and act as checkpoints to monitor and cleanse the lymph that flows through them. |
| What is the function of the spleen? | The spleen filters blood, removing microbes and old red blood cells. It is sometimes called the "filter of the blood". |
| Where does gas exchange between the air and blood take place? | In the alveoli, the tiny air sacs in the lungs. |
| What are the main parts of the respiratory system? | Nasal passages, pharynx, larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), bronchi, bronchioles, and lungs. |
| What prevents food from entering the trachea when you swallow? | The epiglottis, a flap of cartilage that covers the opening of the trachea. |
| How many lobes does each lung have? | The right lung has three lobes, while the left lung has two lobes. |
| What is the Adam's apple? | The prominent part of the thyroid cartilage in the larynx. |
| What happens to air as it enters the nose? | It is warmed, humidified, and cleaned. |
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Twin0324