Question 1

The following is the porous processing sequence:

Accepted Answer

1. Visual examination (ambient light, white light ~ flashlight)
2. Indanedione
3. DFO
4. Ninhydrin
5. Physical developer

Question 2

Porous surfaces require a particular type of examination, using either;

Accepted Answer

 chemicals that react to amino acids or,
 chemicals that are sensitive to lipids and oils, from fingerprint residue

Question 3

Amino Acid:

Accepted Answer

organic compounds that combine to form proteins

Question 4

Urea:

Accepted Answer

an organic compound, essential for waste production by the body after metabolizing protein

Question 5

Sodium chloride:

Accepted Answer

natural occurring salt in the body.

Question 6

Lipids:

Accepted Answer

organic compounds not soluble in water, but soluble in fat solvents such as alcohol.

Question 7

Lipids are

Accepted Answer

energy reserves and are also important components of cell membranes.

Question 8

Water soluble portion

Accepted Answer

(amino acids, urea, and sodium chloride) will absorb very quickly

Question 9

Fatty lipids and waxes

Accepted Answer

stay on the surface

Question 10

Lipids can be

Accepted Answer

destroyed or removed by the environment.
 i.e., paper getting wet

Question 11

Amino acids tend to

Accepted Answer

bind to fibers making them stable even when
dampened

Question 12

Most chemical treatments

Accepted Answer

react to amino acids

Question 13

How deep a latent print will penetrate depends on;

Accepted Answer

1. How porous the surface is.
2. Environmental conditions such as the humidity level in the air.
 Excessive humidity or water can dilute water soluble residue

Question 14

The application of aqueous (liquid) fingerprint reagents are similar with all chemical reagents.

Accepted Answer

 Either by dipping, spraying, or brushing

Question 15

The choice of a reagent depends on;

Accepted Answer

 Colour, since different chemicals have different signatures.
 Has the substrate been wet.
 How porous is the substrate

Question 16

1,2-Indanedione

Accepted Answer

an amino acid visualizing compound

Question 17

1,2-Indanedione

Accepted Answer

Reacts with different amino acids than ninhydrin

Question 18

1,2-Indanedione

Accepted Answer

Fingermarks are both visible and fluorescent

Question 19

1,2-Indanedione

Accepted Answer

light pink colour under ambient light.

Question 20

1,2-Indanedione

Accepted Answer

able to develop prints on brick,
cement, wood, and cotton

Question 21

1,2-Indanedione

Accepted Answer

Developed more latent prints than 1,8-Diazafluoren-9-one (DFO) or ninhydrin alone

Question 22

In sequential examination

Accepted Answer

1,2-Indanedione is always used before DFO and ninhydrin

Question 23

Disadvantage of 1,2-Indanedione

Accepted Answer

is it may be possible to degrade/destroy DNA

Question 24

Application of indanedione:

Accepted Answer

requires a carrier solvent, HFE7100™ (under a fume hood).

Question 25

1,8-Diazafluoren-9-one (DFO)

Accepted Answer

 An amino acid, sensitive reagent.
 Developed as a highly fluorescent
fingerprint reagent in the 1980s.
 DFO produces a strong fluorescent
reaction and best viewed with an ALS.

Question 26

1,8-Diazafluoren-9-one (DFO)

Accepted Answer

Signature: pale purple colour.
 In sequential examination DFO is
always used before ninhydrin

Question 27

1,8-Diazafluoren-9-one (DFO) applied by

Accepted Answer

dipping, spraying, or painting and saturating the substrate. Like ninhydrin, it comes in crystal form and requires HFE7100™ as a carrier solvent. The DFO process must be completed in a dry environment. Then heated in an incubator at 100°C for 20 min.

Question 28

Alternative method; applying 1,8-Diazafluoren-9-one (DFO)

Accepted Answer

Using a heat press at 160°C for 20 - 30 seconds.
 Or 10 seconds at 180°C, developed twice the fingermarks
with less background development.
 Or a heat source such as an iron.

Question 29

Alternative method; applying 1,8-Diazafluoren-9-one (DFO)

Accepted Answer

 Viewed with an ALS between 540 & 570nm, using orange or
red goggles and photographed with an orange or red barrier
filter.
 Studies have shown that DFO developed approximately twice
the number of fingermarks than ninhydrin

Question 30

Ninhydrin was discovered accidently in 1910, by chemist Siegfried Ruhemann.

Accepted Answer

 Water-soluble and alcohol soluble.
 Comes in a solid form as a yellowish crystal.
 Observed to react with proteins and amino acids

Question 31

Ninhydrin

Accepted Answer

Signature: purple color, known as “Ruhemann’s purple”.
 First used in the medical field to test for proteins in biological samples, finding
amino acids, using chromatography

Question 32

Ninhydrin

Accepted Answer

In 1954, a pair of chemists Odén and von Hofsten, 1st used ninhydrin as latent print reagent. Ninhydrin is a nonspecific amino acid reagent, which reacts with primary and secondary amines; amino acids, proteins, and peptides. The result is visible prints

Question 33

Ninhydrin

Accepted Answer

could take days or weeks to develop latent prints. sped up by applying moisture and heat (ninhydrin cabinet). typically, 24 - 48 hours.
developing the treated items at 80°F (26.7°C) for 5 - 10 min at 65% relative humidity in an incubator

Question 34

Ninhydrin

Accepted Answer

Recently deposited prints may take minutes.
 Ninhydrin requires a carrier solution or polar solvent
(HFE7100™).
 Ozone safe.
 Prevents ink from running

Question 35

Ninhydrin

Accepted Answer

works well on older latent prints. Prints developed on notebooks after 40 years. Oldest is 50 years.

Question 36

 Ninhydrin prints enhanced with metal salt
treatments;

Accepted Answer

1. Silver nitrate, turn prints orange.
2. Cadmium nitrate, turn prints red.
 Advantage, not only visible but also
luminesces

Question 37

Analog:

Accepted Answer

is a chemical compound structurally like another but differs slightly in composition (as in the replacement of one atom by another atom of a different element or in the presence of a particular functional group)

Question 38

Analog:

Accepted Answer

Like original slight difference in structure 5-methoxyninhydrin 
 Both are amino acid specific reagents structurally like ninhydrin improved capabilities. Both visible without light source and luminesce. Cheaper to produce not as accepted as ninhydrin

Question 39

Physical Developer (PD) was

Accepted Answer

developed in 1970 in England.
 Used when porous substrates have been wetted due to the environment or humidity and reacts to water-soluble sebaceous components of latent print residue

Question 40

Physical Developer (PD)

Accepted Answer

Signature: dark gray to black images due to the deposition of silver metal
along the latent print ridges

Question 41

Physical Developer (PD)

Accepted Answer

Contains silver ions, a ferrous/ferric redox (reduction/oxidation) system, citric acid, a cationic surfactant, and a non-ionic surfactant.

Question 42

Physical Developer (PD)

Accepted Answer

 PD is also used to develop very old fingerprints.
 30-year-old latent prints have been developed with PD.
 Oldest print developed was 50 years old.

Question 43

Physical Developer (PD)

Accepted Answer

On wet paper or paper that has been wet, PD is one of the only
techniques that can permit the satisfactory development of latent
prints

Question 44

Physical Developer (PD)

Accepted Answer

Also, the last step in sequential examination after indanedione,
DFO, ninhydrin, and Oil Red O

Question 45

Physical Developer (PD)

Accepted Answer

Processing technique adapted from photographic development
reagent, when film development was done by hand.
 Development time is between 10 & 60 minutes.
 Must take care to not overdevelop, which cannot be reversed

Question 46

Physical Developer (PD) Application

Accepted Answer

1. Place paper in an acid (maleic acid) Removes the calcium carbonate from the paper so the silver particles can react.
The acid will also ensure that the pH of the solution does not
become too basic and lower the acidity of the material.

Question 47

Physical Developer (PD) application 1.

Accepted Answer

 The PD reaction works best in a neutral or slightly acidic
environment resulting in more contrast between developed
ridges and the background

Question 48

Physical Developer (PD) application 2.

Accepted Answer

2. Agitate the now acidic porous item in the PD working solution for 10 to 60 min, depending on how fast and complete the prints
appear. The silver will cover the entire surface of the substrate but reacts stronger with print residue.

Question 49

Physical Developer (PD) application 2. con'd

Accepted Answer

2. A cationic surfactant mixes with both water and with water
repelling soluble (lipid fats).
 This detergent also gives the reagent a longer shelf life

Question 50

Physical Developer (PD) application 3.

Accepted Answer

3. Separate stock solutions are made, then mixed as a working
solution. When prints develop, they are rinsed either in water or a 1:1 mix of bleach and water (bleach fades background
staining) allowed to dry.

Question 51

disadvantages of Physical Developer (PD)

Accepted Answer

 Long, and time consuming with several processing steps and
preparation of multiple reagents.
 The reagent acidity weakens the paper, so paper will tear easily.
 Short shelf life.

Question 52

disadvantages of Physical Developer (PD) con'd

Accepted Answer

 The silver may deposit in marks, creases, or indentations on the
evidence, or on scratched glassware. 
 Permanently stains any surface with which it comes into contact.

Question 53

disadvantages of Physical Developer (PD) con'd

Accepted Answer

 Avoid creasing items, and always use clean scratch-free
glassware, that has been rinsed in distilled water.

Question 54

physical developer

Accepted Answer

when used in sequence after DFO and
ninhydrin, PD improved the quality of fingermarks.
 62 items treated with DFO and ninhydrin, produced 64 prints.
When also treated with PD, 50% of the print’s quality improved,
and 5 more prints developed.

Question 55

The following is the wetted porous processing sequence:

Accepted Answer

1. Visual examination (ambient light, white light ~ flashlight)
2. Indanedione
3. DFO
4. Ninhydrin
5. Oil Red O
6. Physical developer

Question 56

Oil Red O (ORO): developed as an alternative method for developing prints on porous surfaces that have been wet.

Accepted Answer

 Applied as a three-step process involving coloration, neutralization,
and drying.
 Compared with PD, has better development on some types of paper

Question 57

Lipophilic Stain Oil Red

Accepted Answer

Signature: red ridges against a pink background.
 Used in sequence, before PD

Question 58

Lipophilic Stain Nile Red (NR)

Accepted Answer

reacts with lipids.
 Luminescent alternative to PD. Maximum FLS 554nm.
 Excellent results with fresh heavily sebaceous fingermarks, withPD being the better detection method for natural (uncharged) and aged marks

Question 59

Lipophilic Stain Nile Red (NR) con'd

Accepted Answer

Applied after PD, in some cases there was enhancement seen.
 Studies showed NR best results from last step in sequence of
examination.
 Disadvantages: expensive and dangerous.
 Alternative is Nile Blue, cheaper and safer

Question 60

processing sequence that may
be utilized for a nonporous

Accepted Answer

1. Visual examination (ambient light, white light ~ flashlight)
2. Cyanoacrylate
3. Dye staining
4. Laser or alternate light source
5. Fingerprint powder
6. Vacuum metal deposition

Question 61

Nonporous:

Accepted Answer

material that cannot absorb liquid or gas

Question 62

Nonporous:

Accepted Answer

Mainly smooth substrate of which the latent print resides on the
surface.
 i.e., glass, metals, and plastics

Question 63

Semiporous:

Accepted Answer

material that allows certain liquids or gas through,
usually by diffusion.

Question 64

Examples of semiporous

Accepted Answer

magazines, waxy-coated paper products, carbon paper,
photographs, glossy wall paint, wallpaper, varnished wood, and
latex gloves

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