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Psych
Development part 2+ Emotion
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Moral DevelopmentA | Sensitivity to fairness starts early, Present in other species |
| Children's sharing behavior develops towards equality and fairness but not | Generosity |
| Piaget's insights | Children’s understanding of moral rules becomes more abstract across development |
| Realism to Relativism | Shift from thinking that moral rules are discovered to realizing that they are invented |
| Prescriptions to Principles | Shift from concrete guidelines about what to do versus general ideas about fairness |
| Outcomes to Intentions | Shift from judging what a person did to judging what they intended to do |
| Lawerence Kolhberg's stages of Moral development | Preconventional stage (childhood), Conventional stage (adolescence), Postconventional stage (Adulthood) |
| Preconventional stage | Morality of an action is primarily determined by its consequences for the actor (punishment or reward |
| Conventional stage | Morality of an action is primarily determined by the extent to which it conforms to social rules |
| Postconventional stage | Morality of an action is determined by a set of general principles that reflect core value |
| Moral decision-making & emotion | Some argue that emotional reaction comes first, then a moral judgment |
| Moral intuitionist perspective | Perceptions of right and wrong are emotional reactions shaped by evolution |
| Temperament | Characteristic pattern of emotional reactivity. Can be seen in infants: their behavior or what parents say. |
| Personality | The full set of core traits easiest to measure in adults |
| Attachment styles | Secure attachment style, ambivalent attachment, avoidant attatchment, disorganized |
| Secure attachment style | Upset when caretaker leaves, easily comforted when he/she return |
| Ambivalent attachment | Upset when caretaker leaves, seek but reject comfort when he/she returns |
| Avoidant attachment | Not distressed when caretaker leaves, ignores him/her on return |
| Disorganized | respond differently at various times. |
| Attachment style has long term consequences | secure attachment in early childhood predicts,Higher academic achievement in school, Less negative emotion when resolving conflict with romantic partner 20 years later |
| How is attachment style formed? | Partly built-in: Infants have different personalities from the beginning But also: Depends on how attentive the caregiver is to the infant’s mental state. Training a parent to notice and respond leads to more secure attachment. |
| Adult Personality Chart | Openess to Experience, Neuroticism, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion |
| Openess to experience | Imaginative vs down to earth, Iikes variety vs likes routine, Independent vs conforming |
| Neuroticism | Worried vs calm, Insecure vs secure, self pitying vs self satisfied |
| Agreeableness | Softhearted vs ruthlessness, trusting vs suspicious, helpful vs uncooperative |
| Extraversion | Social vs resting, fun loving vs sober, affectionate vs reserved |
| Conscientiousness | Organized vs disorganized, careful vs careless, self disciplined vs weak willed |
| Conscientiousness _______ with age | Increases |
| Neuroticism ________ with age | Decreases |
| Extraversion ________ with age | Decreases |
| Adolescence biological definition | The years when puberty is taking place |
| Adolescence social definition | The time between childhood and adulthood |
| What occurs in the brain from 12 to 25 | Some systems are mature or close to mature Others are undergoing rapid change, particularly prefrontal cortex |
| Glial cells | help speed up the movement of the action potential down an axon |
| Myelin | an especially good electrical insulator |
| Prefrontal cortex is crucial for | Reasoning and decision-making Evaluation and control of one’s own emotions & evaluation of other people’s emotion |
| Social development | forming personal identity Negotiating individuality vs cultural/ethnic group vs gender “Trying on” different styles More time spent with same-age peers vs family: comparisons & influence |
| Body aging | Decline in strength and speed |
| Sensory systems aging | Less acute |
| Cognition aging | Speed of operations declines, episodic memory ability declines, Amount of knowledge, and skill in knowing how to apply it increases |
| Emotion and Emotional regulation | Older adults happier then Middle Aged, and focus on positive information |
| Individual variation in age related change | Education protects against cognitive decline Physical & mental activity protective too |
| Episodic memory | Events. Experienced at a particular time in a particular location Was this word on the list you studied 10 minutes ago? Is the man who attacked you? |
| Semantic memory | Knowledge, What’s the definition of random? What’s the capital of Germany? |
| Crystalized intelligence | Accumulated store of knowledge and verbal skills—tends to increase with age |
| Fluid intelligence | Ability to reason speedily and abstractly—tends to decrease during late adulthood |
| Agreed upon properties of emotion | Have a valence: Positive to Negative. Have an arousal level: High to Low,Automatic response to stimulus/situation Can’t choose your initial reaction, but Emotional response can change over time, and this can be deliberate more under emotional regulation |
| Agreed upon properties of emotion cont | Short duration: Seconds to minutes Influences cognition: Attention, memory, decision-making Serves social communication: Lets others know how you are likely to ACT |
| Emotional state has many components | Conscious experience Verbal report Autonomic nervous system activity Heart rate, sweating, pupil size, breathing rate, constriction/dilation of blood vessels |
| Hormonal responses of emotional state | Adrenal glands release epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol into the blood stream. |
| Cognitive changes of emotional state | Pay attention to emotional stimuli Encode emotional stimuli into memory Altered preferences in decision making |
| Behavior changes of emotional state | Expressive: facial expressions, body postures, vocalizations like crying or laughing Instrumental: fleeing, attacking, hiding, approaching |
| James Lange theory | Stimuli trigger activity in the autonomic nervous system which in turn produces an emotional experience |
| Cannon Bard theory | Stimulus simultaneously triggers activity in the ANS and emotional experience |
| Schater and Singer's two factor theory | Conscious emotion is an inference about the causes of physiological arousal |
| Autonomic & Hormonal responses to prepare body for action | Route blood flow to muscles (and away from digestive system) Allow muscles better access to blood sugar than other organs |
| Maintain motivation to act across a time delay | Compare to reflex Stimulus immediate action In other important situations, best action might not be something you do instantly, might need time to think Emotion persists after stimulus ends Emotional state is continuing reminder of need to do something |
| Emotion allows flexibility of stimulus action link | Another contrast to reflexes Response to an emotional situation can vary depending on context and prior experience |
| Communication | Signals to others about how you are disposed to act |
| social bonding | the emotional connections and attachments that form between individuals, based on feelings of trust, support, empathy, and cooperation |
| Influence on perception | Pay attention to emotionally-relevant stimuli |
| Influence on memory | Encode emotionally-relevant events Retrieve past events that evoked similar emotion |
| Brain and emotion | Many parts of the brain work together to produce an emotional state Many parts of the brain are influenced by an emotional state A structure called the amygdala plays a central role |
| Amygdala | Subcortical structure buried inside the temporal lobe |
| Amygdala gets information from all the sensory modalities | Visual input to thalamus to visual cortex to amygdala Other sensory input to thalamus to other sensory cortex to amygdala |
| Amygdala coordinates | bodily response during emotion |
| Communicating emotion | Emotional expression,Face Body posture , Tone of voice Nonspeech vocalizations: laughing, crying |
| 43 muscles in the face | Lots of possible combinations |
| Corrugators | the muscles that wrinkle up your forehead |
| Zygomatics | the muscles that lift up the corners of the lips |
| Orbicularis oculi | muscles that lift up the cheeks and produce crinkles around the eyes when smiling |
| Intensification | Exaggerate facial expression |
| De intensification | Dial down expression |
| Masking | Substitute true emotion with a different one |
| Neutralizing | Trying to eliminate all expression |
| Morphology | Some muscle movements harder to fake than others(reliable muscles) |
| Symmetry | Left & right sides of the face more equal in sincere expression |
| Duration | Sincere expressions briefer than insincere |
| Temporal patterning | Smooth onset and offset in sincere expressions |
| Emotion regulation | Use of cognitive and behavioral strategies to influence one’s emotional experience |
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