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sociology ch. 12
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Sex | biological differences between males and females. |
| Gender | the social and cultural significance that we attach to the biological differences of sex |
| Transgender | a person whose gender identity differs from the sex they were assigned at birth |
| Multiple masculinities | the idea that expressions of manliness can take varieties of forms beyond the culturally dominant, stereotypical construct of what it means to be a man |
| Gender identity | a person’s subjective or internal sense of their own gender |
| Gender expression | the outward or public display of a person’s gender |
| Cisgender | a person whose gender identity aligns more closely with the cultural expectations associated with their biological sex at birth |
| Gender binary | a dimorphic model in which gender roles are represented as either masculine or feminine with a clear divide between the two |
| gender spectrum | a model of gender as a continuum that incorporates a full range of possible combinations involving sex, gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, and gender expression |
| Queer | a term that incorporates the multiplicity of possible sexual orientations, gender identities, and gender expressions |
| Feminism | the belief in social, economic, and political equality for women |
| Standpoint theory | because our social positions shape our perceptions, a more complete understanding of social relations must incorporate the perspectives of marginalized voices |
| Intersectionality | gender, sexuality, race, ethnicity, and class must not be studied in isolation, because they have intermingled effects on our identity, knowledge, and outcomes |
| Sexual identity | an expression of who we are in ways similar to how gender, race, ethnicity, and class shape us |
| Sexual practices | what we do (or do not do), with whom, and how often |
| Sexual orientation | the categories of people to whom we are sexually attracted |
| Heterosexual | a category of sexual orientation that includes those who are sexually attracted to members of the opposite sex |
| Homosexual | those who are attracted to members of the same sex |
| Bisexual | those who are attracted to both men and women |
| Heteronormativity | the cultural presupposition that heterosexuality is the appropriate standard for sexual identity and practice and that alternative sexualities are deviant, abnormal, or wrong |
| Instrumental leader | the person in the family who bears responsibility for the completion of tasks, focuses on distant goals, and manages the external relationship between one’s family and other social institutions |
| Expressive leader | the person in the family who bears responsibility for maintenance of harmony and internal emotional affairs |
| Sexism | the ideology that one sex is superior to the other |
| Institutional discrimination | the systematic denial of rights and opportunities to marginalized groups as part of society’s normal operations |
| Glass ceiling | an invisible barrier that blocks the promotion of a qualified individual in a work environment because of the individual’s gender, race, or ethnicity |
| Second shift: | the double burden of working outside the home followed by child care and housework |
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