Question 1

Cellular Respiration

Accepted Answer

Glucose is broken down through
metabolic pathways, releasing
energy that cells can use to do
cellular work

Question 2

Catabolic pathways

Accepted Answer

break down complex molecules,
freeing the stored energy

Question 3

Electron transfer is a key mechanism driving

Accepted Answer

catabolic
pathways such as cellular respiration

Question 4

Compounds involved in exergonic reactions can act as

Accepted Answer

fuels

Question 5

Aerobic respiration:

Accepted Answer

the process in which organisms convert
energy in the presence of oxygen

Question 6

Anaerobic respiration:

Accepted Answer

the process in which organisms convert
energy for their use in the absence of oxygen using compounds
other than oxygen

Question 7

Cellular respiration includes

Accepted Answer

both aerobic and anaerobic
pathways

Question 8

Oxidation:

Accepted Answer

Atoms that lose electrons are therefore oxidized

Question 9

Reduction

Accepted Answer

Atom that gain electrons are therefore reduced

Question 10

When electrons are added to a compound, it is

Accepted Answer

reduced

Question 11

The compound that reduces another by donating electrons
is called a

Accepted Answer

reducing agent

Question 12

The compound that oxidizes another by accepting
electrons is called an

Accepted Answer

oxidized agent

Question 13

In cellular respiration, the fuel (e.g. glucose) undergoes
oxidation, while

Accepted Answer

oxygen is reduced

Question 14

Organic molecules rich in hydrogen serve as prime
sources of

Accepted Answer

high energy electrons

Question 15

a coenzyme that acts as an

Accepted Answer

electron
acceptor and oxidizing agent

Question 16

Each NADH that is formed stores energy that can be used
in the

Accepted Answer

xidative phosphorylation pathway to synthesize
ATP

Question 17

Both NAD+ (NADH) and FAD (FADH2) are used as

Accepted Answer

electron carriers
during cellular respiration

Question 18

Substrate-Level Phosphorylation:

Accepted Answer

a phosphate group is
removed from an intermediate reactant in the pathway,

Question 19

Glycolysis (“sugar splitting”) is the first stage of

Accepted Answer

glucose breakdown

Question 20

If O2 is present, the pyruvate will enter a mitochondrion, where the

Accepted Answer

remaining glucose structure is further oxidized via the citric acid cycle
to yield high energy organic molecules

Question 21

Prior to entering the citric acid cycle, pyruvate
undergoes a transformation into

Accepted Answer

acetyl coenzyme A

Question 22

pyruvate transformation

Accepted Answer

1.Oxidation of pyruvate and release of CO2
2. Reduction of NAD+ to NADH
3. Combination of the remaining two-carbon fragment
and coenzyme A to form acetyl CoA

Question 23

what is formed from energy releasing?

Accepted Answer

4 ATP Formed
2 NADP + 2 H+
2 Pyruvate + 2 H2O

Question 24

Electrons are transferred
from NADH or FADH2 into
the electron transport chain
located in the inner

Accepted Answer

membrane (cristae) of the
mitochondrion

Question 25

Electrons are passed via
various proteins including...

Accepted Answer

cytochromes

Question 26

H+ ions flow back down their concentration gradient across
the membrane, passing through the enzyme

Accepted Answer

ATP synthase

Question 27

Chemiosmosis couples the

Accepted Answer

electron transport chain to ATP
synthesis by using the energy
stored in the H+ gradient

Question 28

Oxidative phosphorylation generates 90% of the cells ATP
synthesis and is powered by

Accepted Answer

redox reactions

Question 29

The process in which
organisms convert energy for their use in the
absence of oxygen

Accepted Answer

anaerobic respiration

Question 30

an anaerobic process that allows
glycolysis to continue by regenerating NAD⁺
through reactions that use organic or inorganic
molecules as the final electron acceptors

Accepted Answer

fermentation

Question 31

During lactic acid fermentation, NADH donates

Accepted Answer

electrons
to pyruvate, regenerating NAD+

Question 32

During alcohol fermentation, pyruvate is converted to

Accepted Answer

ethanol

Question 33

During fermentation, an organic molecule (such as
pyruvate or acetaldehyde) serves as a final electron
acceptor, yielding a net gain of

Accepted Answer

2 ATP per glucose molecule

Question 34

cellular respiration, transfers electrons
through the electron transport chain, producing up to

Accepted Answer

32 ATP per glucose molecule

Question 35

Facultative anaerobes such as

Accepted Answer

yeast and some bacteria
can switch between using aerobic and fermentation
depending on the availability of free O2

Question 36

Obligate anaerobes carry out fermentation or anaerobic
respiration in the absence

Accepted Answer

of O2. Oxygen is a poison to
these microorganisms and kills them if exposed.

Question 37

In a facultative anaerobe, pyruvate serves as a
metabolic crossroads, directing the cell toward

Accepted Answer

one
of the possible pathways for energy breakdown.
Types of Anaerobic Respiration

Question 38

Glycogen from the liver and muscles, as well as other
carbohydrates, hydrolyzed into glucose-1-phosphate,
together with fats and proteins, can

Accepted Answer

feed into the catabolic
pathways for carbohydrates.

Stack #4556566

Bio 3 exam

Term	Definition
Cellular Respiration	Glucose is broken down through metabolic pathways, releasing energy that cells can use to do cellular work
Catabolic pathways	break down complex molecules, freeing the stored energy
Electron transfer is a key mechanism driving	catabolic pathways such as cellular respiration
Compounds involved in exergonic reactions can act as	fuels
Aerobic respiration:	the process in which organisms convert energy in the presence of oxygen
Anaerobic respiration:	the process in which organisms convert energy for their use in the absence of oxygen using compounds other than oxygen
Cellular respiration includes	both aerobic and anaerobic pathways
Oxidation:	Atoms that lose electrons are therefore oxidized
Reduction	Atom that gain electrons are therefore reduced
When electrons are added to a compound, it is	reduced
The compound that reduces another by donating electrons is called a	reducing agent
The compound that oxidizes another by accepting electrons is called an	oxidized agent
In cellular respiration, the fuel (e.g. glucose) undergoes oxidation, while	oxygen is reduced
Organic molecules rich in hydrogen serve as prime sources of	high energy electrons
a coenzyme that acts as an	electron acceptor and oxidizing agent
Each NADH that is formed stores energy that can be used in the	xidative phosphorylation pathway to synthesize ATP
Both NAD+ (NADH) and FAD (FADH2) are used as	electron carriers during cellular respiration
Substrate-Level Phosphorylation:	a phosphate group is removed from an intermediate reactant in the pathway,
Glycolysis (“sugar splitting”) is the first stage of	glucose breakdown
If O2 is present, the pyruvate will enter a mitochondrion, where the	remaining glucose structure is further oxidized via the citric acid cycle to yield high energy organic molecules
Prior to entering the citric acid cycle, pyruvate undergoes a transformation into	acetyl coenzyme A
pyruvate transformation	1.Oxidation of pyruvate and release of CO2 2. Reduction of NAD+ to NADH 3. Combination of the remaining two-carbon fragment and coenzyme A to form acetyl CoA
what is formed from energy releasing?	4 ATP Formed 2 NADP + 2 H+ 2 Pyruvate + 2 H2O
Electrons are transferred from NADH or FADH2 into the electron transport chain located in the inner	membrane (cristae) of the mitochondrion
Electrons are passed via various proteins including...	cytochromes
H+ ions flow back down their concentration gradient across the membrane, passing through the enzyme	ATP synthase
Chemiosmosis couples the	electron transport chain to ATP synthesis by using the energy stored in the H+ gradient
Oxidative phosphorylation generates 90% of the cells ATP synthesis and is powered by	redox reactions
The process in which organisms convert energy for their use in the absence of oxygen	anaerobic respiration
an anaerobic process that allows glycolysis to continue by regenerating NAD⁺ through reactions that use organic or inorganic molecules as the final electron acceptors	fermentation
During lactic acid fermentation, NADH donates	electrons to pyruvate, regenerating NAD+
During alcohol fermentation, pyruvate is converted to	ethanol
During fermentation, an organic molecule (such as pyruvate or acetaldehyde) serves as a final electron acceptor, yielding a net gain of	2 ATP per glucose molecule
cellular respiration, transfers electrons through the electron transport chain, producing up to	32 ATP per glucose molecule
Facultative anaerobes such as	yeast and some bacteria can switch between using aerobic and fermentation depending on the availability of free O2
Obligate anaerobes carry out fermentation or anaerobic respiration in the absence	of O2. Oxygen is a poison to these microorganisms and kills them if exposed.
In a facultative anaerobe, pyruvate serves as a metabolic crossroads, directing the cell toward	one of the possible pathways for energy breakdown. Types of Anaerobic Respiration
Glycogen from the liver and muscles, as well as other carbohydrates, hydrolyzed into glucose-1-phosphate, together with fats and proteins, can	feed into the catabolic pathways for carbohydrates.

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