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exam e micro
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Differentiate the process of binary fission and mitosis | Binary fission is asexual division in prokaryotes producing two identical cells without a nucleus. |
| Describe the role of generation/doubling time in bacterial population growth | It’s the time for a population to double; shorter generation time means faster growth. |
| Recall the procedure for a population growth curve and its importance | It measures bacterial growth over time to determine vulnerability to antimicrobials. |
| Compare the four phases of a population growth curve | Lag → Log → Stationary → Death; log phase has fastest growth and highest sensitivity. |
| sterilization | kills all microbes; |
| disinfection | kills vegetative cells; |
| decontamination | reduces microbes |
| Arrange microorganism types by resistance to control agents | Enveloped viruses < Gram + < Gram – < Endospores < Prions. |
| antisepsis | antisepsis is safe for tissue. |
| Aqueous | water-based |
| tincture | alcohol-based |
| targets | targets depend on agent type |
| "-cidal" | kills microbes |
| "static" | inhibits growth without killing |
| Sepsis | microbes in blood/tissue |
| asepsis | prevention of entry |
| antisepsis | chemical cleaning of tissue |
| Classify medical devices by contamination risk | Critical = sterilized; semicritical = disinfected; noncritical = low-level cleaning. |
| Define microbial death | Permanent loss of reproductive capability under ideal conditions. |
| Explain effects of concentration, organics, and contact time | Higher concentration, clean surfaces, and longer contact increase effectiveness. |
| Identify cellular targets of microbial control | Cell wall, membrane, DNA/RNA, proteins—damage leads to death or malfunction. |
| moist and dry heat | Moist heat coagulates proteins; dry heat oxidizes; moist is faster and more effective. |
| Describe heat/chemical effects on proteins | They denature or change shape, disabling enzyme activity. |
| Define thermal death time and point | TDT = time to kill at set temp; TDP = lowest temp to kill in 10 min. |
| cold | slows growth |
| desiccation | drying removes water |
| lyophilization | freeze-dry preserves |
| radiation | damages DNA |
| filtration | removes microbes |
| osmotic pressure | salt/sugar create osmotic stress |
| Evaluate germicides by level | High-level kills endospores; intermediate kills fungi/viruses; low kills vegetative cells. |
| Summarize key chemical agents of control | Chlorine, iodine, peroxide, phenolics, alcohol, detergents destroy membranes or proteins. |
| Define antibiotics and their microbial sources | Natural antimicrobial products from Penicillium and Streptomyces. |
| Evaluate pros and cons of antimicrobial drugs | Effective but may cause toxicity, allergy, resistance, or superinfection. |
| Explain the need for organism ID and susceptibility testing | Ensures correct drug choice and dosage for specific infection. |
| Describe the Kirby-Bauer test | Disc diffusion measures zone of inhibition to determine drug sensitivity. |
| Define selective toxicity and therapeutic index | Selective toxicity = targets microbe, not host; high TI = safer. |
| List mechanisms targeted by antimicrobials | Cell wall, protein, nucleic acids, membranes, folic acid synthesis. |
| Define broad- and narrow-spectrum drugs | Broad affects many microbes; narrow targets few; broad can cause superinfection. |
| Explain biofilm antibiotic challenges | Biofilms block drug penetration; use enzymes or disrupt quorum sensing. |
| Differentiate antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antihelminth, antiviral agents | Each targets unique structures (cell wall, membrane, nucleic acids) specific to the organism type. |
| Explain why a drug may fail | Wrong dose, route, resistance, or poor host condition. |
| Define antimicrobial resistance | Ability of microbes to withstand drugs via genetic change or gene transfer. |
| Explain mutation, plasmids, and natural selection in resistance | Mutations create resistance; plasmids spread it; drug pressure selects survivors. |
| Define persisters and their role | Dormant cells tolerant to drugs; cause chronic infections. |
| Identify current resistance threats and new solutions | MRSA, VRE; use phage therapy and new antibiotic development. |
| Probiotics | beneficial microbes |
| prebiotics | support them |
| superinfection | secondary infection |
| fecal transplant | restores flora. |
| Discuss negative drug–host reactions | Organ toxicity, allergies, and superinfections are common complications. |
| Explain the link between prescribing patterns and resistance | Overuse and misuse drive resistant strains and superinfections. |
| Explain difference between colonization and true infection | Normal flora colonize harmlessly; pathogens invade and cause disease. |
| Define microbial antagonism and related terms | Antagonism, flora compete with invaders; infection, invasion; disease , damage. |
| Describe infection steps from entry to exit | Entry → Attachment → Defense evasion → Damage → Exit from host. |
| Define infectious dose and its relation to virulence | Smaller ID , greater virulence. |
| Exoenzymes | tissue damage |
| exotoxins | secreted poisons |
| endotoxin | LPS of Gram – bacteria. |
| Differentiate signs and symptoms of disease | Signs is objective (fever, rash); symptoms is subjective (pain, fatigue). |
| Identify stages of infection | Incubation → Prodromal → Acute → Convalescent → Continuation. |
| Explain reservoirs and transmission routes | Reservoirs is the source; transmission is direct, indirect, vector, or vertical. |
| Define healthcare-associated infection and common agents | Infections acquired in hospitals; C. diff, S. aureus, E. coli are common. |
| List Koch’s postulates and importance | Find microbe, isolate, infect healthy host, re-isolate; proves disease cause. |
| Differentiate first, second, and third lines of defense | First are barriers; second is inflammation & phagocytes; third is adaptive immunity. |
| Define immunology and immune system functions | Study of body defense; immune system surveils, recognizes, and destroys threats. |
| Explain PRR/PAMP and antigen interactions | PRRs recognize PAMPs for innate defense; antigens trigger adaptive response. |
| Describe lymphatic system role | Transports lymph and houses immune cells for surveillance and fluid balance. |
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