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Great Communicator
VMT Chapter 11
| Endocrine system | Composed of ductless glands that secrete chemical messengers, called hormones, into the bloodstream. |
| Endo- | Within |
| -crine | To secrete or seperate |
| Hormones | Enter the bloodstream and are carried throughout the body affecting a variety of tissues and organs. May excite or inhibit a motion or action |
| Target organs | Tissues and organs on which the hormones act |
| What are the 8 endocrine glands? | Pituitary Gland, Thyroid Gland, Parathyroid Gland, Adrenal Gland, Pancreas, Thymus, Pineal Gland, and the Gonads |
| Pituitary Gland | Located at the base of the brain just below the hypothalamus, also called the hypophysis. |
| What is known as the master gland and why? | Pituitary gland because it secretes many hormones that master/control other endocrine glands |
| pituit/o | Pituitary gland |
| Hypothalamus | Located below the thalamus in the brain and secretes releasing and inhibiting factors that affect the release of substances from the pituitary gland. |
| The pituitary gland acts in response to stimuli from the _______. | Hypothalamus |
| What produces antidiuretic hormones and oxytocin and is it located in the posterior or anterior? | Hypothalamus, Posterior |
| Infundibulum | Funnel-shaped passage or opening that connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland. |
| What is the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland known as? Why? | Adenohypophysis Because it produces hormones |
| aden/o | Gland |
| Hormones released from the anterior pituitary gland are sometimes called _______ hormones because they cause their target organ to produce a _______ hormone. | Indirect-acting, second |
| What is the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland known as? Why? | Neurohypophysis Responds to a neurologic stimuli's and doesn't produce hormones but stores and secretes them |
| Hormones released from the posterior pituitary gland are sometimes called _____ hormones because they produce the desired effect ____ in the target organ. | Direct-acting, directly |
| What hormones are secreted in the anterior pituitary gland? | TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, ICSH, Prolactin, GH, MSH |
| TSH | Thyroid-stimulating hormone Augments growth and secretions of the thyroid gland |
| ACTH | Adrenocorticotropic hormone Augments growth and secretions of the adrenal cortex |
| FSH | Follicle-stimulating hormone Augments secretion of estrogen and growth of eggs in the ovaries, sperm in the testes |
| FSH is a type of _____ hormone. | Gonadotropic |
| -tropic | Having an affinity for |
| gonad/o | Gamete-producing gland |
| LH | Luteinizing hormone Augments ovulation and aids in maintenance of pregnancy |
| Lute/o | Yellow |
| LH is a type of ____ hormone | Gonadotropic |
| Luteinizing hormone transforms an _____ _____ into a corpus luteum, or yellow body. | Ovarian follicle |
| ICSH | Interstitial cell-stimulating hormone Stimulates testosterone secretion in males |
| Prolactin | Augments milk secretion and influence maternal behavior Also known as Lactogenic hormone or luteotropin (LTH_ |
| lact/o | Milk |
| GH | Growth hormone Accelerates body growth |
| What is known as somatotropin? | Growth hormone |
| samat/o | Body |
| MSH | Melanocyte-stimulating hormone Augments skin pigmentation |
| What hormones are released in the posterior pituitary gland? | ADH and Oxytocin |
| ADH | Antidiuretic hormone Maintains water balance in the body by augmenting water reabsorption in the kidneys. |
| Diuretic | Pertaining to increased urine secretion |
| Vasopressin | Affects blood pressure |
| vas/o | Vessels |
| press/i | Tension |
| Oxytocin | Stimulates uterine contractions during parturition and milk letdown from the mammary ducts. |
| Thyroid Gland | Butterfly-shaped gland where the right and left lobes are fused ventrally by an isthmus. |
| Is the isthmus rudimentary in horses and dogs? | Yes |
| Where is the thyroid gland located and what does it regulate? | Located on either side of the larynx (Voice box) and it regulates metabolism, iodine uptake, and blood calcium levels. |
| thyr/o, thyroid/o | Thyroid |
| What are the three secretions of the thyroid gland? | Triiodothyronine (T3), Thyroxine (T4), and Calcitonin |
| Triiodothyronine (T3) and Thyroxine (T4) | Regulates metabolism |
| Calcitonin | Promotes absorption of calcium from blood into bones |
| Parathyroid Glands | Four glands located on the surface of the thyroid gland that secrete parathyroid hormone. |
| What is the parathyroid hormone also known as? | Parathormone or PTH |
| Para- | Near or before |
| PTH | Regulates blood calcium levels and phosphorus levels. Increases blood calcium levels by reducing bone calcium levels |
| Calcium is regulated in the body by the antagonistic actions of ____ and _____. | PTH and Calcitonin |
| Parathyroid/o | Parathyroid |
| Adrenal Glands | Two small glands, known as the adrenal or suprarenal glands, are located cranial to each kidney. |
| ren/o | Kidney |
| Supra- | Above |
| What does the adrenal gland regulate? | Electrolytes, metabolism, sexual functions, and the bodies response to injury |
| The adrenal gland consist of two parts called the | Adrenal Medulla (Inner portion) and Adrenal Cortex |
| Cortic/o | Outer |
| Medull/o | Inner or middle portion |
| What hormones does the adrenal cortex release? | Mineralocorticoids, Glucocorticoids, and Androgens |
| Steroid | Adrenal cortex hormones Substance that has a specific chemical structure of carbon atoms in four interlocking rings |
| Corticosteroids | Steroids produced by the adrenal cortex |
| Mineralocorticoids | Group of corticosteroids that regulate electrolyte ad water balance by affecting ion transport in the kidney |
| What is the principal mineralocorticoid? | Aldosterone Hormone that regulates sodium and potassium |
| Glucocorticoids | Group of corticosteroids that regulate carbohydrate, fat, ad protein metabolism, is resistant to stress, and immunologic functioning. |
| What are two examples of Glucocorticoids? | Hydrocortisone and cortisol Regulate carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism |
| Androgens | Group of corticosteroids that aid in the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. |
| -gen | Producing |
| Anabolic steroids | Synthetic medications similar in structure to testosterone used to increase strength and muscle mass. |
| ana- | Excessive or up |
| bol/o | Throwing |
| Anabolic | Pertaining to building up |
| The opposite of anabolism is _____. | Catabolism |
| Catabolism | Breaking down |
| Cata- | Down |
| What are the hormones secreted in the adrenal medulla? | Epinephrine and norepinephrine |
| Epinephrine | Catecholamine, Stimulates the sympathetic nervous system (fight or flight) and increases blood pressure, heart rate, and blood glucose. |
| Catecholamine are _____ containing compounds that act as hormones or _________. | Nitrogen, Neurotransmitters |
| What is epinephrine also known as? | Adrenaline due to increasing blood pressure |
| Vesopressor | Substance that stimulates blood vessel contraction and increases blood pressure |
| Norepinephrine | Catecholamine, Stimulates the sympathetic nervous system and increases blood pressure, heart rate, and blood glucose |
| What is norepinephrine also known as? | Noradrenaline |
| Pancreas | Aggregation of cells located near the proximal duodenum that has both has both exocrine and endocrine functions. |
| What is the exocrine function in the pancreas? | Involves the secretion of digestive enzymes |
| What is the endocrine function in the pancreas? | Involves the secretion of blood glucose - regulating hormones |
| Pancreat/o | Pancreas |
| Islets of Langerhans | Specialized cells in the pancreas that secrete hormones that help regulate blood glucose. |
| What are the two endocrine secretions in the pancreas? | Insulin and Glucagon |
| Insulin | Hormone that decreases blood glucose levels by transporting blood glucose into body cells or into storage as glycogen. |
| Glycogen | Main carbohydrate storage unit in animals |
| What is secreted by beta cells of the islet of Langerhans in response to high blood glucose | Insulin |
| Glucagon | Hormone that increases blood glucose levels by breaking down glycogen to glucose |
| What is secreted by the alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans in response to low blood glucose? | Glucagon |
| Thymus | Gland predominant in young animals, located near midline in the cranioventral portion of the thoracic cavity. |
| The thymus gland has an _______ function through its role in the maturation of ________. | Immunologic, T-lymphocytes |
| thym/o | Thymus or soul |
| What is secreted in the thymus gland? | Thymosin |
| Thymosin | Augments maturation of T-lymphocytes, plays a role in the immune system |
| Pineal Gland | Pineal body, aggregation of cells located in the central portion of the brain. |
| What is secreted in the pineal gland? | Melatonin |
| Melatonin | Converted from serotonin Hormone that controls circadian rhythm and reproductive timing |
| Circadian can be divided into ____ and ____. | Circa (around), Diem (Day) |
| Gonads | Gamete-producing glands or sex cells |
| What is the Gonad in females called? What is the Gonad in males called? | Ovaries Testes |
| What is secreted in the ovaries? | Estrogen and Progesterone |
| HCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin) | Secreted by the embryo and the placenta after implantation has occured |
| Estrogen | Hormone that aids in the development of secondary sex characteristics and regulates ovulation in females |
| Progesterone | Hormone that aids in the maintenance of pregnancy, secreted from the corpus luteum and placenta |
| What is secreted in the testes? | Testosterone |
| Testosterone | Augments the development of secondary sex characteristics (Ex: horns in rams, boar tusks, shoulder girth in cattle and horses) |
| ACTH stimulation test | Blood analysis for cortisol levels after administration of synthetic adrenocorticotropic hormone |
| What does the ACTH stimulation test differentiate? | Pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism and adrenal-dependent hyperadrenocorticism |
| Assays | Laboratory technique used to determine the amount of a particular substance in a sample |
| Dexamethasone suppression test | Blood analysis for cortisol levels after administration of synthetic glucocorticoid |
| What does the Dexamethasone suppression test differentiate? | Pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism from adrenal-dependent hyperadrenocorticism |
| Radioactive Iodine uptake test | Analysis of thyroid function after radioactive iodine has been given orally or intravenously. |
| How is absorption of radioactive iodine is measured? | With a counter for a specific time period |
| Thyroid stimulation test | Blood analysis for thyroid hormone levels after administration of synthetic thyroid-stimulating hormone |
| What does the thyroid stimulation test differentiate? | Pituitary-dependent from thyroid-dependent dysfunction |
| Synthetic | Pertaining to artificial production |
| Acromegaly | Enlargement of the extremities caused by excessive secretion of growth hormone after puberty |
| Acr/o | Extremities |
| Adrenopathy | Disease of the adrenal glands |
| Aldosteronism | Disorder caused by excessive secretion of aldosterone by the adrenal cortex resulting in electrolyte imbalance. |
| Electrolyte | Charged substance found in blood |
| Diabetes Insipidus | Insufficient antidiuretic hormone production or the inability of the kidneys to respond to ADH stimuli, DI |
| Diabetes Mellitus | Metabolic disorder of inadequate secretion of insulin or recognition of insulin by the body resulting in increased urination, drinking, and weight loss, DM |
| Mellit/o | Honey |
| What would severe insulin deficiency result in? | Ketoacidosis |
| Ketoacidosis | Abnormal condition of low pH accompanied by ketones |
| ket/o | Breakdown product of fat |
| Acidosis | Abnormal condition of low pH |
| Endocrinopathy | Disease of the hormone-producing system |
| Gynecomastia | Condition of excessive mammary development in males |
| gynec/o | Women |
| mast/o | Mammary gland |
| Hyperadrenocorticism | Cushing's disease, Disorder caused by excessive adrenal cortex production of glucocorticoid resulting in increased drinking, urination, and redistribution of body fat |
| Hypercrinism | Condition of excessive gland secretions |
| Hyperglycemia | Abnormally elevated blood glucose |
| Hypergonadism | Abnormal condition of excessive hormone secretion by the sex glands |
| Hyperinsulinism | Disorder of excessive hormone that transports blood glucose to body cells |
| Hyperparathyroidism | Abnormal condition of excessive parathyroid hormone secretion resulting in hypercalcemia |
| Hyperpituitarism | Condition of excessive secretion of the pituitary gland |
| Hyperthyroidism | Condition of excessive thyroid hormone |
| What are the signs of hyperthyroidism? | Increased metabolic rate, weight loss, polyuria, and polydipsia |
| Hypoadrenocorticism | Addisons disease, Disorder caused by deficient adrenal cortex production of glucocorticoid resulting in weakness, vomiting, and weight loss |
| Hypocrinism | Condition of deficient gland secretions |
| Hypoglycemia | Abnormally low blood glucose |
| What are the signs of hypoglycemia | Shakiness, anxiety, confusion, convulsions, seizures, and if untreated: loss of consciousness |
| What is the first organ affected by hypoglycemia? | The brain because metabolism in the brain depends primarily on glucose |
| Hypogonadism | Abnormal condition of deficient hormone secretion by the sex glands |
| Hypoparathyroidism | Abnormal condition of deficient parathyroid hormone secretion resulting in hypocalcemia |
| Hypocalcemia | Abnormally low levels of blood calcium |
| Calc/i | Calcium |
| -emia | Blood condition |
| Hypercalcemia | Abnormally high blood calcium levels |
| Hypophysitis | Inflammation of the pituitary gland |
| Hypothyroidism | Condition of thyroid hormone deficiency |
| What are the signs of hypothyroidism? | Decreased metabolic rate, poor hair coat, lethargy, increased sensitivity to cold |
| Euthyroidism | Condition of normal thyroid function |
| Insulinoma | Tumor of the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas |
| Pancreatitis | Inflammation of the pancreas |
| Pheochromocytoma | Tumor of the adrenal medulla resulting in increased secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine and takes on a dark dusky color because it is composed of chromaffin cells. |
| Phe/o | Dusky |
| Chrom/o | Color |
| -oma | Tumor |
| Pinealopathy | Disorder of the pineal gland |
| Pituitarism | Any disorder of the pituitary gland |
| Thymoma | Tumor of the thymus |
| Thyroiditis | Inflammation of the thyroid gland |
| Thyromegaly | Enlargement of the thyroid gland |
| Thyrotoxicosis | Abnormal life-threatening condition of excessive, poisonous quantities of thyroid hormones |
| Adrenalectomy | Surgical removal of one or both adrenal glands |
| Chemical thyroidectomy | Administration of radioactive iodine to suppress thyroid function |
| Hypophysectomy | Surgical removal of the pituitary gland |
| Lobectomy | Surgical removal of a lobe or a well-defined portion of an organ |
| Pancreatectomy | Surgical removal of the pancreas |
| Pancreatotomy | Surgical incision into the pancreas |
| Parathyroidectomy | Surgical removal of one or more parathyroid gland |
| Thymectomy | Surgical removal of the thymus |
| Thyroidectomy | Surgical removal of all or part of the thyroid gland |
Created by:
VTodd639