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Chapters 24,4,5 A& P
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the 3 macronutrients that makes up most of your diet | Carbohydrates, Lipids, and proteins |
| What are the two micronutrients | Vitamins, minerals |
| What are essential nutrients | Molecules that must be provided by diet |
| How is energy value of nutrients measured in | Kilocalories |
| how many calories does proteins and carbohydrates | 4 kcal/g |
| How many calories are in lipids | almost 9kcal/g |
| what are insoluble fiber | provides roughage that increases stool and urine |
| what is the carbohydrate molecule used by cells to make ATP | Glucose |
| what doe fructose and galactose convert to | glucose |
| What does neurons and RBCs rely almost entirely on | Glucose |
| what happens with the excess glucose | converts to fat |
| what is the recommended calorie intake for a person | 45%-65% total calories |
| what should a diet mostly consist of | complex carbs |
| what is made up in low income homes | carbohydrate intakes |
| Lipids are | saturated fats, unsaturated fats, trans fats |
| where is cholesterol found in | egg yolk, organ meats. shellfish |
| what are the 2 fatty acids that the liver can't synthesis | Linoleic acid-Omega 3 and Linolenic acid- omega 6 |
| what is the uses of lipids in the body | Cholesterol stabilizes call membrane, and that triglycerides provide major energy source for skeletal muscle or liver cells |
| How many calories of lipids should be in taken in the diet | 20-35% limited to 10% or less saturated fats |
| what are complete proteins | Proteins meeting all animo acid requirements |
| what is all or none rule | all amino acids needed to build a particular protein must be present at the same time |
| what does hormone control | anabolic hormones and gonadal steroids promote protein synthesis |
| what is a positive nitrogen balance in proteins | Synthesis exceeds breakdown EX: pregnant women |
| what is the negative nitrogen balance | Breakdown for energy exceeds synthesis EX: burns |
| what is the rule of thumb for proteins | 0.8 g/ kg of body weight |
| what are vitamins | organic compounds |
| what are the only three vitamins that don't need to be ingested | D and B and K |
| what can beta-carotene convert to | vitamin A |
| Beta-carotene and substances are called | provitamins |
| what is water soluble vitamins | B complex and C |
| what are fat-soluble vitamins | A D E and K and are stored in the body |
| What are free radicals | unpaired electron molecules |
| what are antioxidants | Vitamins A C E and mineral selenium |
| what are not beneficial vitamins | Megadose of vitamins |
| what does vitamin A do | maintenance of epithelial tissue |
| What does Vitamin D do | Aids in absorption and use of calcium and phosphorus |
| What does vitamin E do | Helps prevent damage to cell membranes |
| what does vitamin K do | Blood clotting |
| what are the seven minerals' | Calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, sodium, chlorine, and magnesium |
| what is necessary for thyroid synthesis | Iodine |
| what is anabolism | Build things |
| catabolism | breakdown |
| What is cellular respiration | group of catabolic reactions |
| what are the two important coenzymes | Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and FAD |
| what are the three pathways in glucose catabolism | glycolysis, citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation |
| oxidation of glucose | sugar activation- sugar is added and makes fructose |
| what is the second part of oxidation of glucose | sugar cleave splits into 2 sets of 3 carbons and 1 phosphate |
| What is the third thing of oxidation of glucose | when each set of the carbon and phosphate gets hydrogen added back will end with 4 atp with a net gain of 2 |
| What is Glycolysis | another state of oxidation of glucose lactate enters the blood and is picked up by the liver. ATP rapidly generates ends with 30-32 ATP |
| What is the Citric Acid Cycle | the next stage of oxidation of glycoses. # phases transitional where Pyruvate converts to Acetyl Coa by removing 1 carbon from pyruvate and the remain to fragments oxidization acetate by removing Hydrogen then the formation of Acetyl COA starts |
| What is oxidative phosphorylation | A step in the oxidation of glucose where the and electron is shuttle into the membrane and now H+ is powering ATP synthesis, we pump 3 out of the 4 to H+ protons out to create electrochemical gradient |
| What comes from Pyruvate | 2 pyruvate 2 acetyl Coa 2 net ATP lose 1 co2 each |
| What is Glycolysis | Converts glucose to pyruvate |
| What is Glycogenesis | Polymerizes glucose to form Glycogen |
| Glycogenolysis | Hydrolyzes glycogen to glucose monomers |
| What is Gluconeogenesis | Forms glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors |
| What is Beta Oxidation | Converts fatty acids to acetyl CoA |
| What is lipolysis | Breaks down lipids to fatty acids and glycerol |
| What is Lipogenesis | Forms lipids from Acetyl COA and g3p |
| what are nutrient pools | Used to meet body's needs and they are interconvertible they are found in adipose tissue live skeletal muscle |
| What are amino acid pools source | Synthesis body proteins, forming amino acid derivatives and gluconeogenesis |
| What is fed state | Is called the absorption state carbohydrates- absorbed monosaccharides Hormonal control of the fed state- Insulin directs essentially all events of the fed state |
| what does NPY do | it increases your appetite |
| what does the body core have compared to the body shells | higher body temperature |
| what is the apical surface in polarity | Upper free side |
| what is the basal surface of the polarity | Lower attached side |
| what is a endocrine gland | ductless glands that produce hormones |
| what is exocrine gland | secrete products onto body surfaces or into body cavities |
| What is an example of a unicellular | Goblet cell |
| What is an example of a multicellular | Salivary |
| what does endocrine glands secrete | Hormones |
| Exocrine glands secrete | are released on the body's surface and they are more numerous |
| what does the mode of secretion Merocrine do | secrete products by exocytosis as secretions are produced |
| Holocrine does | accumulate products within until raptures |
| what does apocrine do | accumulate products within but only apex raptures, mammary glands are the closest |
| what is the epidermis | outermost protective shield of the body |
| what is the dermis | underlines epidermis and makes up the bulk of skin |
| what are the 4 cell types | Keratinocytes Melanocytes Dendritic cells Tactile epithelial cells |
| what do keratinocytes do | Produce fibrous keratin (protein that gives skin its protective properties) |
| Melanocytes do what | Produce pigment melanin, which is packaged into melanosomes |
| Dendritic cells do what | Ingest foreign substances and are key activators of immune system Ingest foreign substances and are key activators of immune system Ingest foreign substances and are key activators of immune system |
| tactile epithelial cells | Sensory receptors for touch located at epidermal-dermal junction |
| what are the 5 layers of the epidermis | Stratum basale (deepest) Stratum spinosum Stratum granulosum Stratum lucidum (only in thick skin) Stratum corneum (most superficial) |
| what is the function if friction ridges | enhances gripping ability |
| Reticular dermis makes up | 80% of dermal thickness |
| Collagen fibers provide | strength and resiliency |
| Dermal vascular plexus: | network of blood vessels between reticular layer and subcutaneous tissue |
| Melanin | only pigment made in skin; made by melanocytes |
| Carotene | Yellow to orange pigment, most obvious in palms and soles |
| Hemoglobin | Pinkish hue of fair skin is due to lower levels of melanin |
| cyanosis | Low oxygenation of hemoglobin; sign of respiratory or cardiovascular issues |
| Pallor, or blanching | Emotional stress, low blood pressure, anemia (decreased ability of blood to carry oxygen), |
| erythema | Embarrassment, fever, inflammation, allergy |
| jaundice | Liver disorders |
| Red/purple/green/yellow marks, or bruises, or ecchymoses, or hematomas | Result of blood leakage from damaged blood vessel beneath skin |
| Brown or black patches | Hyperpigmented, thickened skin in folds may be a sign of endocrine disorder |
| Functions of hair | Sense insects on skin before bite or sting Hair on head guards against physical trauma Protect from heat loss Shield skin from sunlight Eyelashes shield eyes Nose hairs filter particles from inhaled air |
| Three parts of hair shaft | Medulla: central core of large cells and air spaces Cortex: several layers of flattened cells surrounding medulla Cuticle: outer layer consisting of overlapping layers of single cells |
| hair pigments are made by | melanocytes in hair follicles |
| Hair matrix | actively dividing area of bulb that produces hair cells As matrix makes new cells, it pushes older ones upward |
| Arrector pili | small band of smooth muscle attached to follicle Responsible for “goose bumps |
| hair grows on | Average 2 m m growth per week |
| Beau’s lines | horizontal lines across nails may indicate severe illnesses such as uncontrolled diabetes, heart attack, or cancer chemotherapy |
| Apocrine sweat glands | located in axillary and anogenital areas |
| Sebaceous glands | Secrete sebum Oily secretion Bactericidal (bacteria-killing) properties Softens hair and skin |
| Skin secretes many chemicals, such as: | Sebum and, Sweat, antimicrobial defensin |
| Physical barriers | Flat, dead, keratinized cells of stratum corneum, surrounded by glycolipids, block most water and water-soluble substances |
| Biological barriers | Dendritic cells, Macrophages |
| sweat glands secrete about | 500ml/day |
| sensible perspiration | dilation of dermal vessels can increase sweat gland activity to produce 12 L (3 gallons) of noticeable sweat to cool the body |
| Touch: | tactile (Meissner’s) corpuscle in dermal papillae and tactile epithelial cells with associated sensory nerve endings |
| Deep pressure: | : lamellar (Pacinian) corpuscles in deeper dermis or subcutaneous tissue |
| Hair movement: | hair follicle receptors |
| Painful stimuli of the skin: | free nerve ending |
| Skin makes | collagenase |
| what percent of the body’s total blood volume | 5% |
| Skin can | secrete limited amounts of nitrogenous wastes, such as ammonia, urea, and uric acid |
| The most common skin disorders | bacterial, viral, or yeast infection |
| Three major types of skin cancer | Basal cell carcinoma Squamous cell carcinoma Melanoma |
| Basal cell carcinoma | Least malignant and most common, accounting for 80% of skin cancer cases |
| Squamous cell carcinoma | Usually is a scaly reddened papule on scalp, ears, lower lip, or hands |
| Melanoma | Most dangerous type because it is highly metastatic and resistant to chemotherapy |
| A B C D rule | A: asymmetry; the two sides of the pigmented area do not match B: border irregularity; exhibits indentations C: color; contains several colors (black, brown, tan, sometimes red or blue) D: diameter; larger than 6 m m (size of pencil eraser) |
| To evaluate burns | the rule of nine |
| First-degree | epidermal damage only |
| second degree | epidermal and upper dermal damage |
| Third degree | entire thickness of skin involved |
| Burns are considered critical if: | >25% of body has second-degree burns >10% of body has third-degree burns |
| Debridement (removal) of burned skin Antibiotics Temporary covering Skin grafts | |
| Epidermis develops from | embryonic ectoderm |
| Vernix caseosa | is white substance produced by sebaceous glands that protects skin of fetus while in watery amniotic fluid |
| Mila | are small white spots on newborn’s think skin |
| ways to delay aging | U V protection: U V A are aging rays and U V B are burning rays |
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