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MGIS study guide
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| An iteration used in Scrum development is called a | Sprint |
| The classic example of a “traditional” software development method is | Waterfall development |
| In software development, the features and functionality a system must provide are called | Requirements |
| TDD stands for | Test-driven development |
| Which of the following is an Agile development method | Extreme Programming (XP) |
| Scrum focuses on short, time-boxed iterations called | Sprints |
| Each Sprint produces an increment of the product known as | Potentially shippable product |
| The person managing the Product Backlog is the | Product Owner |
| The person ensuring Scrum rules are followed is the | Scrum Master |
| A short daily meeting for synchronization is the | Daily Scrum (Daily Stand-Up) |
| At the end of a Sprint, progress is shown in the | Sprint Review |
| After the Sprint Review, improvement reflection occurs in the | Sprint Retrospective |
| A prioritized list of all desired features is the | Product Backlog |
| A subset of the Product Backlog for a specific Sprint is the | Sprint Backlog |
| Traditional software development methods are also called | Heavyweight methods |
| Agile software development methods are also called | Lightweight methods |
| In the Waterfall model, each phase must be | Completed before the next begins |
| The main disadvantage of the Waterfall model is | Inflexibility to change once started |
| The Spiral model focuses mainly on | Risk assessment and iteration |
| The Agile Manifesto values | Individuals and interactions over processes and tools; Working software over documentation; Customer collaboration over contract negotiation; Responding to change over following a plan |
| Agile methods aim to be | Incremental, cooperative, straightforward, adaptive |
| Velocity in Agile refers to | Story points completed per Sprint |
| A Product Burndown Chart tracks | Remaining work vs time |
| The process of initiating, planning, executing, controlling, and closing work to meet goals is | Project Management |
| A temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product, service, or result is a | Project |
| The person responsible for overall success of the project is the | Project Manager |
| The three main constraints in project management are | Scope, Time, Cost (Triple Constraint) |
| A document that defines objectives, stakeholders, and scope is the | Project Charter |
| Breaking down deliverables into smaller components is the | Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) |
| A chart that visualizes task timing and dependencies is a | Gantt Chart |
| Monitoring progress and managing changes occur in the | Controlling phase |
| Closing phase ensures | Deliverables are accepted and project is formally completed |
| Ethics in information systems refers to | Moral principles guiding the creation and use of technology |
| The fair and responsible use of collected data is | Information ethics |
| Plagiarism, piracy, and unauthorized use are examples of | Intellectual property violations |
| Protecting individuals’ personal data is the principle of | Privacy and Data Protection |
| Professional IT codes of ethics emphasize | Integrity, confidentiality, and public trust |
| Digital divide describes | Inequality in access to technology and information |
| Algorithmic bias occurs when | AI or software produces unfair results due to biased data |
| Machine Learning is | A subset of AI that enables systems to learn patterns from data without explicit programming |
| Supervised learning uses | Labeled data to train a model to predict outputs |
| Unsupervised learning finds | Hidden patterns or clusters in unlabeled data |
| A neural network is | A computational model inspired by the human brain that recognizes complex patterns |
| Overfitting means | The model fits training data too closely and fails to generalize |
| Bias in machine learning means | Systematic error caused by flawed assumptions or data |
| Ethical AI focuses on | Fairness, transparency, and accountability in AI decisions |
| An Information System (IS) is | A combination of people, technology, processes, and data to manage information |
| The five components of an IS are | Hardware, Software, Data, People, Processes |
| The Internet is | A global network that connects computers for data exchange |
| Intranets are | Private networks within organizations for internal communication |
| Cloud computing provides | On-demand access to shared computing resources via the Internet |
| Cybersecurity is | Protecting information systems from unauthorized access and attacks |
| Phishing is | Fraudulent attempt to obtain sensitive information via email or messaging deception |
| Design Thinking is | A human-centered approach to problem-solving focused on empathy, ideation, and experimentation |
| The five phases of Design Thinking are | Empathize, Define, Ideate, Prototype, Test |
| Empathize phase focuses on | Understanding user needs and experiences |
| Define phase focuses on | Clarifying the problem based on insights gathered from users |
| Ideate phase involves | Generating creative solutions without judgment |
| Prototype phase involves | Creating simple models to test ideas quickly |
| Test phase focuses on | Getting feedback and improving the solution iteratively |
| Design Thinking encourages | Collaboration, experimentation, and user empathy in innovation |
| Critical Thinking is | Analyzing information objectively to form a reasoned judgment |
| Key skills in critical thinking include | Observation, analysis, evaluation, inference, communication |
| Systems Thinking is | Understanding how different parts of a system interconnect and influence one another |
| A system is | A set of interrelated components working toward a common goal |
| Systems Thinking focuses on | Feedback loops and long-term impacts of interactions |
| In problem solving, Systems Thinking helps | Identify root causes rather than symptoms |
| Combining Critical and Systems Thinking enables | Holistic and evidence-based decision making |
| Which of the following is one of the critical enablers of business process management? | Process design 💬 Explanation: Process design is the foundation of BPM — it defines how work flows and enables continuous improvement. Without a clear design, efficiency and automation aren’t possible. |
| BPMN stands for … | Business Process Modeling Notation 💬 Explanation: BPMN is a standardized visual language that shows how processes work from start to finish, making it easier for both business and IT teams to understand workflows. |
| Every good process eventually becomes a bad process. | True 💬 Explanation: Over time, even strong processes become outdated due to new technologies, markets, and customer needs. BPM promotes continuous evaluation and improvement. |
| The end-to-end metrics for business processes should be … | Derived from customer needs and enterprise goals 💬 Explanation: BPM measures performance based on customer value and organizational objectives — not arbitrary data or dollar values alone. |
| According to Hammer, Business Process Management (BPM) is … | An integrated system for managing business performance by managing end-to-end business processes 💬 Explanation: Hammer described BPM as a holistic approach that manages performance across all functions, aligning technology, people, and strategy into one |
| ⸻ 🧩 BPMN Diagrams & Concepts What does BPMN stand for? | Business Process Modeling Notation 💬 Explanation: BPMN is a standardized diagramming language used to visually represent business processes in a way that’s easy for both business and IT users to understand. |
| What is the main purpose of BPMN? | To provide a common visual language for modeling business processes 💬 Explanation: BPMN helps bridge communication between business people and technical developers by using easy-to-read symbols. |
| What are Pools in BPMN? | A Pool represents a participant or organization in a process 💬 Explanation: Pools act as containers that show who is involved in a process — such as different companies or departments. |
| What are Lanes in BPMN? | Subdivisions within a Pool that represent roles or departments 💬 Explanation: Lanes organize and categorize activities by who performs them, such as HR, Management, or Customer Service. |
| What is the difference between Pools and Lanes? | Pools represent separate participants; Lanes represent roles within a participant 💬 Explanation: Use Pools to show different organizations (like a customer and supplier), and Lanes to show internal departments. |
| What are Artifacts in BPMN? | Extra elements that add more details or context to a process 💬 Explanation: Artifacts give supporting information but don’t affect the main sequence of flow. |
| What are the three main BPMN Artifact types? | Data Objects, Groups, and Annotations 💬 Explanation: Data Objects show required information; Groups link related activities; Annotations provide additional text details. |
| What does a Data Object show? | What data is required or produced by an activity 💬 Explanation: Connected to activities by dotted lines to show information flow. |
| What does a Group represent? | A collection of related activities 💬 Explanation: Groups help with documentation and analysis without affecting the process flow. |
| What is an Annotation used for? | To add notes or explanations to the diagram 💬 Explanation: Annotations help clarify steps or provide extra information for readers. |
| What are the two basic types of BPMN models? | Collaborative (Public) B2B processes and Internal (Private) business processes 💬 Explanation: Collaborative models show interaction between two organizations; internal models show detailed activities within one company. |
| What is a Collaborative B2B process? | A process showing interactions between two or more business entities 💬 Explanation: Focuses on message exchanges (like sending requests or responses) between participants. |
| What is an Internal Business Process? | A process that shows activities within a single organization 💬 Explanation: It focuses on internal roles and does not show outside communication. |
| What is the value of modeling in BPMN? | It reduces confusion and standardizes communication between business and IT users 💬 Explanation: BPMN helps everyone understand processes the same way, avoiding errors and miscommunication. |
| What does mapping BPMN to BPEL4WS mean? | Translating visual BPMN models into executable IT process code 💬 Explanation: BPEL4WS (Business Process Execution Language for Web Services) allows automated systems to perform the processes modeled in BPMN. |
| What is the future goal of BPMN? | To unify business process modeling under one clear, standard system 💬 Explanation: BPMN aims to merge with other standards like UML to simplify and standardize how processes are documented and automated. |
Created by:
avaarose