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Social Studies
Chapter 19 HW
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Standard Gauge | width of the railroad track, allowing faster shipment of goods at a reduced cost. |
| Rebate | discount given by large railroads to win new customers. |
| Pool | secret deals made by the railroad barons, to divide business and set rates |
| Railroad economy impact | Helped American industry and people expand to the west |
| Consolidation | combining separate companies - large bought small or forced them out of business - made companies more efficient – set prices and made industrial processes more uniform |
| Cornelius Vanderbilt | made a fortune by consolidating several companies – mainly in the railroad |
| Gustavus Swift- | developed refrigerated rail cars- could ship meat & perishable goods over long distances – changed & improved diets on the East coast |
| George M. Pullman | developed sleeping cars - turned seats into beds for overnight journeys – made it easier for people to travel and move across the nation |
| How railroads competed | they offered rebates to keep old customers and get new ones - forced small companies out of business – also made secret agreements to divide up big business in order to make large profits |
| How railroads spurred growth | enabled movement of industry to the west, the redistribution of the population, and the movement of homesteaders to the Great Plains and people from rural areas into cities |
| Model T | an inexpensive car built in large volume – affordable for the masses |
| Assembly Line | a way to increase production and reduce costs by having each worker do the same tasks again and again on a moving line |
| Mass Production | the ability to produce a lot of a product in a short amount of time – lessen cost |
| Elijah McCoy | invented a mechanism to oil machinery to keep parts running smoothly |
| Samuel F. Morse | introduced the telegraph which offered instant communication across the nation - helped business grow by enabling orders from one side to another |
| Cyrus Field | put telegraph cable across the Atlantic Ocean - allowed transatlantic cables to transmit messages in seconds – connected the world |
| Alexander Graham Bell | invented the telephone which brought communication into every home – helped business grow |
| Menlo Park | edison’s workshop where the phonograph, motion picture projector, telephone transmitter and light bulb were created |
| Thomas Edison | his inventions were important because they brought light into homes (new age of electricity)- Lightbulb- |
| Henry Ford's methods | he invented a less expensive car that was able to be mass produced by using an assembly line, where each worker performs one task over and over again. (Enabled people to be able to afford a car) |
| Wright brothers | first aircraft to fly which made travel easier and also led to advancements for the military |
| The change in selling and distributing goods | started to use catalogues and mail ordering – chain stores |
| Vertical Integration | businesses grow by purchasing companies of all stages of the production – cut out middle man – makes production cheaper – bigger profits |
| Horizontal Integration | purchasing of competing companies in the same industry - monopoly |
| Sherman Antitrust Act | law created to prohibit the creation of trusts and monopolies - not very successful at first |
| Bessemer process | a process for making steel quickly and cheaply |
| Philanthropy (“Gospel of Wealth”) | the belief that one with money should use it to improve society and help the poor (charity works) |
| Land factor of production | which factor of production refers to natural resources necessary for industrial production |
| Labor factor of production | which factor of production is the large number of workers needed to turn raw materials into goods |
| Capital factor of production | which factor of production refers to the manufactured goods used to make goods and services (ex. Tools, machines, buildings) or money |
| Stock | shares of a business sold to the public to raise capital to buy raw materials and equipment, pay workers and cover costs. |
| Shareholders | people who invest in the company by buying shares/stock |
| Dividend | a company’s profit are divided up and paid to the shareholders – their “share” of the $ |
| Monopoly | total control of an industry by a single producer. Rockefeller did this buying up other oil companies – ended with 95% of the oil industry |
| Trust | a group of companies managed by the same board of directors. Rockefeller did this by buying shares of other oil companies |
| Andrew Carnegie's way of building up the Carnegie Steel Company | Worked as a manager of the PA railroad, he then invested in the iron industry then built his own steel plant. It became powerful using vertical integration. He then bought iron and coal mines, warehouses, ships and railroads to gain control of the industr |
| People for trusts | efficient improved economy, built up the infrastructure |
| People against trusts | destroyed competition - hurt “small” businesses - no reason to improve or keep prices low |
| Sweatshop | crowded urban factories with long hours, low pay & horrible working conditions |
| Trade Union | workers from certain trades (i.e. electrician, carpenter, etc.) got together to demand better pay and working conditions – small groups – safety in numbers |
| Collective bargaining | when unions represent workers in labor discussions with management |
| Strikebreaker | people who were hired by the company to replace the worker who is out on strike |
| Injunction | court order to stop a strike (govt. gets involved) |
| Mother Jones | labor organizer traveled across the country organizing and advocating for unions |
| Eugene v. Debs | railway union leader who refused to end the strike by railroad workers after the injunction and was jailed – people turned against unions |
| Haymarket Riot | turned people against unions - at a rally to protest the killing of 4 strikers, the police ordered everyone to back up, someone threw a bomb killing an officer and one more person, then more died in the following riot - many Americans now associated the l |
| Why the workplace was hazardous | Steelworkers suffered burns, coal miners died in cave ins and from the effect of dust and coal – worked 10-12 hours a day, 6 days a week and for very low pay |
| What it was like for a child in the workplace | They were as young as 12 and worked more than 10 hours a day – no education – laws were created to stop but they were not enforced |
| Reasoning for unions and the creation of them | To demand better pay and better working conditions – unions provided safety in numbers |
| Terence V. Powderly Union | Knights of Labor, recruited people like women, African Americans, and unskilled laborers who were usually left out |
| Samuel Gompers Union | American Federation of Labor- united skilled workers’ (craftsmen) unions into one large union |
| Triangle Shirtwaist Factory | Fire broke out in a factory/sweatshop – workers could not escape because the company locked the doors so workers could not leave early or steal – About 150 people died – this tragedy pushed people to create new safety laws, better working conditions and |
| Why labor was slow | People turned against unions due to disasters like the Haymarket Riot – eventually get better pay, hours and working conditions |
Created by:
Rylan Laura